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PEER INFLUENCES TO RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIOURS AMONG OUT-OF-SCHOOL ADOLESCENTS IN KAMULI MUNICIPALITY
No full textIntroduction: Adolescents engage in different deviant behaviours
including gambling, alcohol and substance abuse, violence acts and
sexual behaviours. These sexual behaviours have lasting reproductive
health challenges, increased risks of acquiring sexually transmitted
infections (including HIV), teenage pregnancies and death among
adolescents which contribute to the burdens of public health care.
Purpose: To identify risky sexual behaviours among out-of-school
adolescents and peer influences to out-of-school adolescent engagement
in risky sexual behaviours in Kamuli Municipality. Methods: The study
was conducted in Kamuli Municipality (Southern and Northern Division)
among out-of-school adolescents. The study adopted phenomenological
study design and purposive sampling adopted as sampling procedures for
the study. Sample size included five (5) Focus group discussions,
twenty (20) In-depth interviews and three (3) Key informant interviews
upon which saturation was attained. Study respondents comprised of
out-of-school adolescents between 10 and 19 years of age living within
Kamuli Municipality; not in school and did not complete primary or
secondary education levels. The study comprised of sixty-seven (67)
respondents (forty-four (44) respondents that participated in the focus
group discussions; twenty (20) respondents that participated in
in-depth interviews and three (3) key informant interviews). Results:
Study findings identified involvement in sexual relations with
boyfriends and girlfriends; sexual affairs with older persons (referred
to as sugar mummies and sugar daddy); involvement in multiple sexual
relations; transactional sex and early sexual debut as risky sexual
behaviours among out-of-school adolescents. In terms of socio-economic
factors for out-of-school adolescent engagement in risky sexual
behaviours, respondents mentioned poverty at home and lack of basic
necessities as key factors increasing vulnerability to engage in risky
sexual behaviours. Peer influence to engage in risky sexual behaviours
ranged from misleading influence from friends, desire to please
friends, peer pressure and bad company; which all in different ways
mounted pressure to engage in different risky behaviours. Conclusions:
Study findings confirmed the existence of risky sexual behaviours among
out-of-school adolescents (including early sexual debut, multiple
sexual partners and sex with older sexual partners). Out-of-school
adolescent engagement in risky sexual behaviours is strongly influenced
by their close associate peers and friends; coupled with the prevailing
circumstances at the time of exposure
Natural regeneration in an area of shallow cut Pinus taeda L.
No full textO presente estudo teve como objetivo a an\ue1lise flor\uedstica da
regenera\ue7\ue3o natural em \ue1rea de corte raso de Pinus taeda
L. aproximadamente dois anos ap\uf3s supress\ue3o integral de um
povoamento de cerca de quinze anos. A \ue1rea de estudo localiza-se
na cidade de Campo Largo \u2013 PR, cuja tipologia florestal original
pertence \ue0 Floresta Ombr\uf3fila Mista, em um total de 5,5
hectares. Para a amostragem da regenera\ue7\ue3o natural da
\ue1rea foram instaladas dez parcelas de 10 m por 10 m cada, e no
interior de cada uma delas outras cinco subparcelas, totalizando 5
m\ub2, de onde foram coletados todos os indiv\uedduos de
caracter\uedsticas arb\uf3reas. A sufici\ueancia amostral foi
alcan\ue7ada. Foram amostrados 406 indiv\uedduos, pertencentes a 64
esp\ue9cies bot\ue2nicas. A fam\uedlia Asteraceae foi a que
apresentou maior n\ufamero de exemplares, seguida de Solanaceae e
Primulaceae. O \uedndice de diversidade ecol\uf3gica de Shannon, e
\uedndice de equabilidade de Pielou apresentaram valores de 3,42 e
0,82, respectivamente. O n\ufamero de indiv\uedduos de pinus em
regenera\ue7\ue3o na \ue1rea estudada foi de 23 exemplares,
apresentando um alto valor quando comparado \ue0s demais
esp\ue9cies. No entanto, pode-se concluir que o n\ufamero de
indiv\uedduos nativos, bem como a riqueza de esp\ue9cies da
regenera\ue7\ue3o natural, n\ue3o apresentou comprometimento
devido ao anterior povoamento com a esp\ue9cie ex\uf3tica.The present study aimed the floristic analysis of natural regeneration
in Pinus taeda L. shallow cut area approximately two years after
suppression of a planting of about fifteen years. The study area is
located in the city of Campo Largo \u2013 PR state, which original
forest typology belongs to the Araucaria Rainforest, a total of 5.5
hectares. For the sampling of the natural regeneration of the area, ten
plots of 10 m x 10 m each were installed, and, within each of them,
five subplots totaling 5 m\ub2, of which were collected all
individuals with arboreal characteristics, sample adequacy was
achieved. It was sampled 406 individuals belonging to 64 botanical
species. The family Asteraceae showed the highest number of copies,
followed by Solanaceae and Primulaceae. The ecological diversity index
of Shannon, and the equability index of Pielou presented values of 3.42
and 0.82 respectively. The number of individuals in pinus regeneration
in the study area was 23 copies, with a high value when compared to
other species. However, it can be concluded that the number of native
individuals, as well as the species richness of the natural
regeneration, showed no impairment due to previous settlement with
exotic species
Productivity of Pinus caribaea VAR. hondurensis and its relations with chemical attributes of soils in the brazilian Cerrado region
No full textA silvicultura com esp\ue9cies ex\uf3ticas desempenha importante
papel socioecon\uf4mico no Brasil, fornecendo mat\ue9ria-prima para
a produ\ue7\ue3o de madeira, lenha, carv\ue3o vegetal, celulose,
dentre outros. Nesse sentido, torna-se necess\ue1rio o aprofundamento
do conhecimento sobre as vari\ue1veis ambientais que controlam a
produtividade do Pinus; em especial, as ed\ue1ficas. O objetivo do
presente trabalho foi avaliar a variabilidade espacial dos atributos
qu\uedmicos de solo e planta em um plantio comercial de Pinus
caribaea var. hondurensis. O experimento foi instalado no campus da
Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira (Unesp), localizado em
Selv\uedria, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, em um Latossolo
Vermelho Distrof\ue9rrico, textura muito argilosa. Foram analisados
os seguintes atributos qu\uedmicos do solo: f\uf3sforo (P),
mat\ue9ria org\ue2nica (MO), potencial hidrogeni\uf4nico (pH),
pot\ue1ssio (K), c\ue1lcio (Ca), magn\ue9sio (Mg), acidez
potencial (H+Al), alum\uednio (Al), soma de bases (SB), capacidade de
troca cati\uf4nica (CTC), satura\ue7\ue3o por bases (V%),
c\ue1lcio (CaT), magn\ue9sio (MgT) e alum\uednio (m) na CTC
(Capacidade de Troca Cati\uf4nica). Todos os atributos de solo e
planta apresentaram depend\ueancia espacial simples na \ue1rea do
estudo, exceto Altura, Di\ue2metro a Altura do Peito e acidez
potencial na camada de 0,10-0,20 m, evidenciando que o manejo de Pinus
pode ser realizado de acordo com site espec\uedfico nas
condi\ue7\uf5es do estudo. O pot\ue1ssio foi o atributo de solo
que melhor se correlacionou com a produtividade de Pinus em volume, bem
como os melhores indicadores para a estimativa da produtividade.Forestry with exotic species plays an important socioeconomic role in
Brazil, providing raw material for the production of wood, firewood,
charcoal, cellulose, among others. In this sense, it becomes necessary
to deepen the knowledge about the environmental variables that control
the productivity of Pinus, especially the edaphic ones. The objective
of the present work was to evaluate the spatial variability of soil and
plant chemical attributes in a commercial plantation of Pinus caribaea
var. Hondurensis. The experiment was installed on the campus of the
Faculty of Engineering of Ilha Solteira (Unesp), located in
Selv\uedria, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in a RED OXYSOL
Dystroferric, very clayey texture. The following soil chemical
attributes were analyzed: phosphorus (P), organic matter (OM), hydrogen
ionic potential (pH), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg),
potential acidity (C), base saturation (V%), calcium (CaT), magnesium
(MgT) and aluminum (m) in CEC (Cationic Exchange Capacity). All soil
and plant attributes presented simple spatial dependence in the studied
area, except for height, diameter at breast height and potential
acidity in the 0.10-0.20 m layer, evidencing that Pinus management can
be performed according to the specific site in the conditions of the
study. Potassium was the soil attribute that best correlated with the
productivity of Pinus in volume, as well as the best indicators for the
estimation of productivity
Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby can be used in enrichment planting in gaps caused by logging in Amazonia
No full textAvaliou-se a sobreviv\ueancia e o crescimento de mudas de
Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby
(paric\ue1) plantadas aleatoriamente em tr\ueas tamanhos de
clareiras causadas pela explora\ue7\ue3o florestal de impacto
reduzido, na Fazenda Rio Capim, no munic\uedpio de Paragominas,
Par\ue1. As medi\ue7\uf5es foram realizadas em cinco
ocasi\uf5es (2005, 2006, 2008, 2010 e 2011). As clareiras foram
classificadas em pequenas (200-400 m\ub2), m\ue9dias (401-600
m\ub2) e grandes (> 600 m\ub2). Com base na sobreviv\ueancia e
no crescimento de mudas, nos seis primeiros anos ap\uf3s o plantio,
sugere-se Schizolobium parahyba var amazonicum para plantios em
clareiras, com \ue1reas a partir de 200/m2, causadas por
explora\ue7\ue3o florestal de impacto reduzido.Survival and growth rate of seedlings of Schizolobium parahyba var.
amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby (paric\ue1) randomly planted in
gaps were evaluated in three gap sizes after logging in the
municipality of Paragominas, Par\ue1 state. Measurements were
performed in five occasions (2005, 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2011). Canopy
gaps were classified as small gaps (200-400 m\ub2), medium gaps
(401-600 m\ub2) and large gaps (> 600 m\ub2). According to
survival and growth rate of seedlings, in the six-year period after
planting, we suggest Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum for
enrichment planting in gaps larger than 200/m2, caused by reduced
impact logging
Genetic diversity and structure of Podocarpus lambertii Klotzsch ex Endl. populations in the mixed ombrophilous forest of Santa Catarina state
No full textPodocarpus lambertii (Podocarpaceae) \u449 conhecido popularmente
como pinheiro-bravo. Ocorre em v\u441rias forma\u447\u455es
florestais da Mata Atl\u442ntica, principalmente na Floresta
Ombr\u453fila Mista. Devido \u440 intensa explora\u447\u443o
madeireira sofrida pela esp\u449cie, ela est\u441 presente na
categoria \u93Quase amea\u447ada\u94 da Lista Vermelha das
Esp\u449cies Amea\u447adas da IUCN. Diante disso, este estudo teve
por objetivo caracterizar a diversidade e estrutura gen\u449tica de
12 popula\u447\u455es no Estado de Santa Catarina, a fim de gerar
informa\u447\u455es para fundamentar estrat\u449gias de
conserva\u447\u443o para a esp\u449cie. Foram coletadas folhas de
50 indiv\u44dduos adultos em cada popula\u447\u443o. Para acessar
os n\u44dveis e a distribui\u447\u443o da diversidade
gen\u449tica, utilizaram-se 10 sistemas enzim\u441ticos. As
frequ\u44ancias al\u449licas, a porcentagem de locos
polim\u453rficos (P100%), as heterozigosidades observada (HO) e
esperada (HE), o \u44dndice de fixa\u447\u443o (f) e a
diverg\u44ancia gen\u449tica (FST) foram calculados com
aux\u44dlio do programa FSTAT. Os 10 sistemas enzim\u441ticos
analisados revelaram 11 locos com um total de 32 alelos (A= 1,8). As
popula\u447\u455es de Podocarpus lambertii apresentaram baixa
diversidade gen\u449tica (P100% = 52,7; HO = 0,049; HE = 0,079). As
frequ\u44ancias al\u449licas das popula\u447\u455es
apresentaram desvios significativos das esperadas em Equil\u44dbrio
de Hardy-Weinberg, evidenciando um deficit de heterozigotos (f =
0,374). A presen\u447a de alelos raros nas popula\u447\u455es e
uma diverg\u44ancia gen\u449tica significativa (FST = 0,303)
evidenciam um baixo fluxo g\u44anico hist\u453rico e um grande
risco de perda de diversidade. Os resultados obtidos indicam a
necessidade de conserva\u447\u443o in situ das v\u441rias
popula\u447\u455es de Podocarpus lambertii e de um aumento da
conectividade entre as popula\u447\u455es remanescentes.Podocarpus lambertii (Podocarpaceae) is popularly known in Brazil as
pinheiro-bravo. It occurs in several forest formations of the Atlantic
Rain Forest, mainly in the Ombrophilous Mixed Forest. Due to the high
wood exploitation suffered by the species, it is listed as \u91Almost
Threatened\u92 in The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. In face of
this, the objective of the present study was to characterize the
genetic diversity and structure of 12 natural populations of Podocarpus
lambertii in Santa Catarina state, aiming to generate information for
the definition of effective conservation strategies for the species. To
access genetic diversity levels and distribution, it was used 10
allozymic systems. Along with the assistance of the software Fstat, the
allelic frequencies (A), polymorphic loci percentage (P), observed
heterozigosity (Ho), expected heterozigosity, fixation index (f) and
genetic divergence between populations (FST) were calculated. In 11
loci 32 alleles (A= 1,8) were detected. A low genetic diversity was
detected for Podocarpus lambertii populations (P100% = 52,7; HO =
0,049; HE = 0,079). The mean fixation index obtained (f = 0,374)
indicates a deficit of heterozygous individuals. A high number of low
frequency alleles was detected and together with the high genetic
divergence (FST = 0,303), it points towards the necessity of in situ
conservation of a large number of Podocarpus lambertii populations and
the need to increase the connectivity among the remnant populations
Effect of planting system and solar exposure on biomass allocation in the initial growth of eucalyptus
No full textEste trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de comparar a
aloca\u447\u443o da biomassa arb\u453rea, a conicidade do tronco
e a rela\u447\u443o altura e di\u442metro ao longo do fuste de
\u441rvores de eucalipto implantadas em um sistema silvipastoril, em
diferente exposi\u447\u443o solar, e em monocultivo. Os dados foram
coletados em 13 \u441rvores-amostra aos 27 meses de idade,
selecionadas em fun\u447\u443o do intervalo de confian\u447a da
m\u449dia dos di\u442metros a altura do peito (DAP) e da
posi\u447\u443o das \u441rvores na faixa de plantio, com face de
exposi\u447\u443o sul, norte e central. Concluiu-se que na
compara\u447\u443o com o monocultivo, as \u441rvores plantadas em
sistema silvipastoril apresentaram menor altura total, maior conicidade
e maior biomassa na copa. No sistema silvipastoril, n\u443o houve
efeito da posi\u447\u443o da \u441rvore na faixa de plantio sobre
a produ\u447\u443o total de biomassa na parte a\u449rea,
por\u449m, \u441rvores com face de exposi\u447\u443o norte
foram mais baixas, c\u454nicas e produziram maior biomassa de galhos
e folhas nas partes inferiores da copa.This work was developed in order to compare the arboreal biomass
allocation, trunk taper, height and diameter ratio, along the stem of
eucalyptus trees planted in silvopastoral system in different sun
exposure and monoculture. The data were collected from 13 trees at 27
months, selected according to confidence interval average of breast
height diameter (DAP) trees position in planting strip, sun exposure
(face south, north and central). It was found that compared to the
monoculture, the trees planted in silvopastoral system had lower
overall height, larger taper and higher biomass in pantry. There was no
sun exposure effect for planting strip and total biomass for
silvipastoral systems, however, trees with north sun exposure were
lower, more conical, produced more branches and leaves in the lower
parts of the treetops
Breaking dormancy and vigor tests on (Dimorphandra gardneriana Tulasne) SEEDS
No full textO objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar a efici\u44ancia de diferentes
m\u449todos para a supera\u447\u443o da dorm\u44ancia em
sementes Dimorphandra gardneriana Tulasne, visando fornecer
conhecimentos t\u449cnico-cient\u44dficos que permitam a
cria\u447\u443o de um protocolo de germina\u447\u443o. Em um
experimento realizado no Laborat\u453rio de An\u441lise de Sementes
do Centro de Ci\u44ancias Agr\u441rias da Universidade Federal da
Para\u44dba (CCA-UFPB), em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao
acaso, as sementes de fava-d\u92anta foram submetidas aos seguintes
tratamentos: testemunha que consistiu de sementes n\u443o
escarificadas, sementes escarificadas mecanicamente com lixa
n\u410120, sementes escarificadas mecanicamente com lixa e submetidas
\u440 embebi\u447\u443o em \u441gua destilada por 6, 12, 18 e
24 horas, sementes submetidas ao desponte na regi\u443o oposta ao
hilo com alicate de unha, sementes submetidas ao desponte na
regi\u443o oposta ao hilo com alicate de unha e postas em
embebi\u447\u443o em \u441gua destilada por 6, 12, 18 e 24 horas,
escarifica\u447\u443o qu\u44dmica com \u441cido sulf\u45arico
concentrado por 5, 10 e 15 minutos. Ap\u453s a aplica\u447\u443o
dos tratamentos as sementes foram submetidas a testes de
germina\u447\u443o e vigor (emerg\u44ancia, \u44dndice de
velocidade de germina\u447\u443o e de emerg\u44ancia, comprimento
e massa seca de hipoc\u453tilo e ra\u44dzes). A
escarifica\u447\u443o mec\u442nica com lixa e o desponte seguido
de imers\u443o em \u441gua destilada por seis horas favorecem a
porcentagem de germina\u447\u443o de sementes e emerg\u44ancia de
pl\u442ntulas de Dimorphandra gardneriana, e os tratamentos
utilizando \u441cido sulf\u45arico reduziram drasticamente o vigor
destas sementes.The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of different
methods of overcoming of dormancy in Dimorphandra gardneriana Tulasne
seeds, aiming to provide technical and scientific knowledge to enable
the creation of a protocol for germination. In an experiment conducted
at \u91Laborat\u453rio de An\u441lise de Sementes\u92, Centro
de Ci\u44ancias Agr\u441rias, Universidade Federal da Para\u44dba
(CCA-UFPB), in a completely randomized experimental design, seeds of
fava d\u92anta were subjected to the following treatments: control
consisting of non-carified seeds mechanically scarified with sandpaper
N\u41a 120, mechanically scarified seeds with sandpaper and soaked in
distilled water for 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours, seeds subjected to blunt
the region opposite to the hilum of nail with pliers, seeds subjected
to blunt the region opposite to the hilum of nail with pliers and put
on immersion in water distilled for 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours, chemical
scarification with concentrated sulfuric acid for 5, 10 and 15 minutes.
After the treatments, the seeds were tested for germination and vigor
(emergence, speed of germination and emergence, length and dry weight
of roots and hypocotyl). Mechanical scarification with sandpaper and
lopping followed by immersion in distilled water for six hours favor
the percentage of seed germination and the seedling emergence of
Dimorphandra gardneriana and treatments using sulfuric acid
dramatically reduced the strength of these seeds
Utility of woody vegetation in a Caatinga area in the state of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil
No full textEste estudo teve como objetivo a an\ue1lise da rela\ue7\ue3o
entre a popula\ue7\ue3o humana situada no Assentamento Olho
d\ub4\uc1gua do F\ue9lix, Caruaru-PE e as esp\ue9cies
florestais conhecidas e utilizadas, de forma a testar a hip\uf3tese
de apar\ueancia ecol\uf3gica. Foi realizado um invent\ue1rio da
vegeta\ue7\ue3o arb\uf3rea atrav\ue9s de parcelas amostrais de
400 m\ub2 nos fragmentos florestais existentes no Assentamento. Os
dados obtidos foram utilizados para calcular densidade,
domin\ue2ncia, frequ\ueancia e valor de import\ue2ncia.
Compararam-se estes resultados com os dados etnobot\ue2nicos
objetivando testar a hip\uf3tese de que a disponibilidade de um
recurso (apar\ueancia) se relaciona com a sua import\ue2ncia para a
popula\ue7\ue3o (determinada pelo valor de uso). Foram
entrevistados 25 informantes-chaves que identificaram as esp\ue9cies
arb\uf3reas nativas conhecidas e seus usos, estas foram apresentadas
ao entrevistador atrav\ue9s de turn\uea guiada. Vinte e sete
esp\ue9cies foram citadas e classificadas em nove categorias:
alimenta\ue7\ue3o humana, alimenta\ue7\ue3o animal,
combust\uedvel, constru\ue7\ue3o, tecnologia, medicinal,
veterin\ue1rio, servi\ue7o ambiental e outros. As
cita\ue7\uf5es para usos n\ue3o madeireiros da
vegeta\ue7\ue3o concentram o maior n\ufamero de esp\ue9cies,
valor que foi influenciado pelas categorias alimenta\ue7\ue3o
animal e alimenta\ue7\ue3o humana. Foi indicado o uso para as
seguintes partes das plantas: entrecasca, flor, folha, fruto,
l\ue1tex, madeira, planta inteira, raiz e semente. O uso da madeira
teve 74,8% das cita\ue7\uf5es. As fam\uedlias com maior valor de
uso foram Rhamnaceae e Anacardiaceae, j\ue1 as fam\uedlias com
maior n\ufamero de esp\ue9cies foram Fabaceae (9 spp.) e
Euphorbiaceae (5 spp.). As esp\ue9cies com maior valor de
import\ue2ncia foram Croton blanchetianus Baill, Acacia farnesiana
(L.) Willd. e Commiphora leptophloeos . As esp\ue9cies de maior
Valor de uso foram Mimosa tenuiflora Benth, Ziziphus joazeiro Mart.
e Croton blanchetianus Baill. As categorias combust\uedvel,
constru\ue7\ue3o e medicinal foram as mais abundantes. Verificou-se
que as esp\ue9cies com menor n\ufamero de partes da planta
utilizadas tiveram menor valor de uso, e as que tiveram maior
n\ufamero de partes tiveram maior chance de terem maior n\ufamero
de usos. Percebeu-se que o \uedndice combinado (VU x VI) tem
correla\ue7\ue3o positiva com a densidade relativa, frequ\ueancia
relativa, valor de import\ue2ncia e domin\ue2ncia relativa. Foi
significativa a correla\ue7\ue3o na ordena\ue7\ue3o das
esp\ue9cies entre o valor de uso e frequ\ueancia relativa (r =
0,3260, p < 0,01), e entre o valor de uso e a domin\ue2ncia
relativa (r = 0,3987, p < 0,05). As esp\ue9cies com menor
n\ufamero de partes utilizadas tiveram menor valor de uso, e as que
tiveram maior n\ufamero de partes tiveram maior chance de terem maior
n\ufamero de usos. A quantidade de usos, partes utilizadas e riqueza,
demonstra o potencial utilit\ue1rio da caatinga para as comunidades,
e que esse conhecimento ecol\uf3gico tradicional pode servir para
prospec\ue7\ue3o de novos produtos e usos para produtos madeireiros
e n\ue3o madeireiros.This study had as its objective the analysis of the relationship
between the human population located in the settlement of the Olho
d\ub4\uc1gua do F\ue9lix, Caruaru (Pernambuco state) and the
forest species known and used, in order to test the hypothesis of
ecological appearance. It was conducted an inventory of the arboreal
vegetation through the sample plot of 400 m\ub2 in the existing
forest fragments in the settlement. The data obtained were used to
calculate density, dominance, frequency, importance value. These
results were compared with the Ethnobotanical data in order to test the
hypothesis that the availability of a resource (appearance) is related
to its importance for the population (determined by the value in use).
Twenty-five key informants were interviewed and identified the native
tree species and their uses. These ones were presented to the
interviewer through a guided tour. Twenty-seven species have been cited
and classified into nine categories: food, animal feed, fuel,
construction, technology, medical, veterinary, environmental services
and other uses. Quotations for non-timber uses of the vegetation
concentrate the largest number of species, a value that was influenced
by the categories animal feed and human food. It was indicated the use
of the following plant parts: bast, flower, leaf, fruit, latex, wood,
whole plant, root and seed. The use of wood had 74.8% of the quotes.
Families with greater value in use were Rhamnaceae and Anacardiaceae,
households with the largest number of species were Fabaceae (9 spp.)
and Euphorbiaceae (5 spp.). The species with the highest value of
importance were Croton blanchetianus Baill., Acacia farnesiana (l.)
Willd. and Commiphora leptophloeos . The species of greatest value in
use were Mimosa tenuiflora . Benth, Ziziphus Jacobus Mart Croton
blanchetianus Baill. The categories fuel, construction and medical were
the most abundant ones. It was verified that the species with less
number of parts of the plant used had lower value of use, and those
with greater number of parts were more likely to have a greater number
of uses. It was noticed that the combined index (VU x VI) has a
positive correlation with relative density, relative frequency,
importance value and relative dominance. The correlation in the order
of species between the value of use and relative frequency (r = 0.3260,
p <0.01) was significant, and between the value of use and the
relative dominance (r = 0.3987, p <0, 05). The species with the
lowest number of parts used had lower value of use, and those with
greater number of parts had a greater chance of having a greater number
of uses. The amount of uses, used parts and wealth, demonstrates the
caatinga utilitarian potential for the communities, and that this
traditional ecological knowledge can be used to prospect new porducts
and uses for wood and non-wood product
Clustering of Amazon wood species based on physical and mechanical properties
No full textA procura intensa por ess\ueancias madeireiras nativas consolidadas,
que apresentam elevado uso, pode ocasionar a superexplora\ue7\ue3o
de esp\ue9cies e diminui\ue7\ue3o do seu estoque na floresta. Uma
alternativa para essa situa\ue7\ue3o \ue9 a
substitui\ue7\ue3o dessas esp\ue9cies por outras com propriedades
da madeira semelhantes e com suficiente estoque de crescimento na
floresta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi agrupar as esp\ue9cies da
Amaz\uf4nia atrav\ue9s das propriedades f\uedsico-mec\ue2nicas
da madeira e realizar a an\ue1lise discriminante para identificar
quais caracter\uedsticas tecnol\uf3gicas s\ue3o mais importantes
para o agrupamento. As esp\ue9cies estudadas foram provenientes de
oito localidades distintas da regi\ue3o amaz\uf4nica. As
propriedades f\uedsico-mec\ue2nicas utilizadas obtidas da
literatura especializada nacional foram: densidade b\ue1sica,
contra\ue7\ue3o (tangencial, radial e volum\ue9trica),
flex\ue3o est\ue1tica, compress\ue3o paralela e perpendicular
\ue0s fibras, dureza Janka paralela e transversal, tra\ue7\ue3o
perpendicular \ue0s fibras, fendilhamento e cisalhamento. Foi
utilizada a t\ue9cnica de an\ue1lise multivariada de Cluster
(dist\ue2ncia euclidiana simples e o m\ue9todo de Ward) e a
an\ue1lise discriminante para avaliar o agrupamento. A an\ue1lise
de Cluster foi eficiente para agrupar as esp\ue9cies, que foram
separadas em tr\ueas grupos distintos. As esp\ue9cies que se
destacaram foram a Helicostylis pedunculata Benoist. e Tachigali
chrysophylla (Poepp.) Zarucchi & Herend., por se agruparem com as
esp\ue9cies mais comercializadas. Os menores valores de
Wilks\u92Lambda foram da densidade da madeira (0,759053),
cisalhamento (0,802960) e compress\ue3o paralela \ue0s fibras
(0,825594). Essas caracter\uedsticas foram as mais determinantes para
discriminar os grupos. A an\ue1lise de agrupamento \ue9 eficiente
para indicar a substitui\ue7\ue3o de esp\ue9cies consolidadas na
Amaz\uf4nia.The intense search for consolidated native wood essences, which are
highly used, can lead to the overexploitation of species and decrease
their stocks in the forest. An alternative to this situation is the
replacement of these species by others with similar wood properties and
with sufficient forest growing stock. The objective of this work was to
cluster the Amazon species through wood physical-mechanical properties
and perform the discriminant analysis to identify which technological
characteristics are more important for the clustering. The species
studied came from eight different locations in the Amazon region. The
properties used were: basic density, contraction (tangential, radial
and volumetric), static flexion, compression parallel and perpendicular
to the fibers, Janka hardness parallel and transversal, traction
perpendicular to the fibers, cracking and shearing, all obtained from
the national specialized literature. Multivariate Cluster analysis
(simple Euclidean distance and Ward\u92s method) and the discriminant
analyses were used to evaluate the clustering. Cluster analysis was
efficient to cluster the species, which were separated into three
distinct groups. The species that stood out were Helicostylis
pedunculata Benoist. and Tachigali chrysophylla (Poepp.) Zarucchi
& Herend., f or clustering with the most commercialized species.
The lowest values of Wilks\u92Lambda were wood density (0.759053),
shearing (0.802960) and compression parallel to the fibers (0.825594).
These characteristics were the most determinant to discriminate the
clusters. The clustering analysis was efficient for the separation of
the species into marketing clusters
Forest-based adequacy to households in southwestern of Paran\ue1 state - Brazil
No full textEstudos indicam a perda ambiental com a reformula\ue7\ue3o da
legisla\ue7\ue3o florestal dada atualmente pela Lei de
Prote\ue7\ue3o da Vegeta\ue7\ue3o Nativa (LPVN), antigo
C\uf3digo Florestal. Ainda s\ue3o necess\ue1rias pesquisas que
indiquem o efeito sobre os titulares das terras, em regi\uf5es
jurisdicionadas por outras regulamenta\ue7\uf5es ambientais, como
para o bioma Mata Atl\ue2ntica, e ainda, os reflexos da
integra\ue7\ue3o das leis com quest\uf5es de cumprimento da
fun\ue7\ue3o social dos im\uf3veis. A regi\ue3o Sudoeste do
Paran\ue1 possui estrutura fundi\ue1ria caracterizada pela pequena
propriedade rural, e os objetivos deste trabalho foram: verificar se
existe diferen\ue7a no cumprimento da fun\ue7\ue3o social rural
da pequena propriedade, considerando a realidade inicial das
propriedades, o C\uf3digo Florestal de 1965, e a LPVN; estimar o
custo de oportunidade economizado pelo agricultor com a
adequa\ue7\ue3o ambiental rural pela lei de 2012; determinar as
diferen\ue7as entre \ue1reas de preserva\ue7\ue3o permanente
(APP) e reservas legais (RL) nas duas legisla\ue7\uf5es; estimar a
\ue1rea a ser recuperada pelo Programa de Regulariza\ue7\ue3o
Ambiental (PRA) nas pequenas propriedades. Foram confeccionados sete
mapas de uso e ocupa\ue7\ue3o do solo em ambiente de Sistema de
Informa\ue7\ue3o Geogr\ue1fica, na qual os montantes de
\ue1reas foram analisados com estat\uedsticas inferenciais. Os
dados permitiram concluir que: a pequena propriedade rural na
regi\ue3o cumpre a fun\ue7\ue3o social rural em todos os
padr\uf5es; o custo de oportunidade economizado foi de 6,2% do
sal\ue1rio m\uednimo por m\uf3dulo fiscal; A APP a restaurar foi
inferior em rela\ue7\ue3o \ue0 lei antecedente; estima-se para a
regi\ue3o sudoeste, a necessidade de recupera\ue7\ue3o de
11.762,40 hectares de matas ciliares; n\ue3o existe diferen\ue7a
significativa entre a reserva legal preexistente entre as duas leis;
existe diferen\ue7a significativa entre a reserva legal a recuperar.Studies indicate environmental loss, due to the reformulation of the
forest legislation, currently given by the Native Vegetation Protection
Law (NVPL), formerly the Forestry Code. Research is still needed to
indicate the effect on landowners, in regions that are governed by
other environmental regulations, such as the Atlantic Forest biome as
well as the reflexes of the integration of laws regarding the
fulfillment of the social function of real estate. The southwestern
region of Paran\ue1 state has a land structure characterized by small
rural properties and the objectives of this work were: to verify if
there is a difference in the fulfillment of the rural social function
of the small properties, considering the initial reality of the
properties, the Forestry Code of 1965; NVPL; to estimate the saved
opportunity cost by the farmer with the rural environmental suitability
by the 2012 law; to determine the differences between permanent
preservation areas (PPAs) and legal reserves (LRs) in both
legislations; estimate the area to be recovered by the Environmental
Regularization Program (ERP) in small properties. Seven land use and
occupation maps were designed in a Geographic Information System
environment, in which the amounts of areas were analyzed with
inferential statistics. The data allowed to conclude that: the small
rural property in the region fulfills the rural social function in all
the standards; the saved opportunity cost was 6.2% of the minimum wage
per fiscal module; The PPA to be restored was smaller than the previous
law; the need for recovery of 11,762.40 hectares of riparian forests is
estimated for the southwestern region; there is no significant
difference between the pre-existing legal reserve between the two laws;
there is a significant difference between the legal reserve to be
recovered