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Reservoir Characterization and Volumetric Analysis of \u201cLee\u201d Field, Onshore Niger Delta, Using 3D Seismic and Well Log Data
No full textThree dimensional (3D) seismic data, and a suite of four geophysical
well logs from four wells located on the Lee field, Niger Delta were
analyzed using Petrel software for the aim of reservoir
characterization and volumetric analysis of the field. The objectives
among others include identification and delineation of the reservoirs
and estimating the petrophysical parameters from the well logs
available, generating time and depth structure maps of horizons from
the seismic section, and a volumetric analysis in order to estimate
hydrocarbon in place. The method adopted involves petrophysical
analysis, structural analysis, static modelling, and volumetric
analysis. Detailed petrophysical analysis revealed three reservoirs.
Average Reservoir parameters such as effective porosity (0.17), gross
thickness (86 m), hydrocarbon saturation (0.42), permeability (1215 mD)
and net-to-gross (0.79) were derived from petrophysical analysis. The
three reservoirs were classified using average results of petrophysical
parameters. And based on these results, Reservoir 1 is the most
prolific while Reservoir 3 is the least prolific within Lee field.
Fault and Horizon interpretations were done using Petrel software which
culminated in delivery of 3D structural map of the reservoirs.
Structural, stratigraphic and Petrophysical models were developed and
then integrated to produce a high resolution static model for Reservoir
1. The hydrocarbon in place shows that reservoir 1 is of appreciable
thickness and areal extent. The volume of hydrocarbon originally in
place was estimated to be 367,180,095.08 barrels of oil
Recognition of Blow Foraminifera Zones in the Tertiary Sediments in F- Well, Niger Delta
No full textForaminiferal Micropaleontology of Tertiary sediment in F-Well Niger
Delta Basin were carried out using foraminiferal biostratigraphy as
geologic tools. Sedimentological description was carried out on 679
ditch cutting samples which aided the erection of 103 lithozones. Fifty
(50) ditch cutting samples was used with the aim of establishing the
Foraminiferal Biozones and age of the well. A total of eighty (80)
foraminiferal species were recorded, most of the species recorded are
calcareous and arenaceous benthic foraminiferal species. They were
about twenty-eight (28) diagnostic foraminifera recognized. The
evaluation of these foraminifera species enabled us to recognize the
zones. The foraminiferal abundances revealed two bio zones N4-N3
Planktic zone and N3 \u2013 N2 Planktic zone which were suggested
based on index species among the recovered foraminiferal assemblages.
N4-N3 Planktic zone has a reference interval of 8,000ft \u2013
9,400ft. The top of this zonal interval which ought to be marked by the
FDO of Ammonia becarril was absent but was estimated to be 8,000ft. The
base of this zonal interval is marked by the LDO of Epistominella
vitriea at 9,400ft. Planktic zone N3 \u2013 N2 has a reference
interval of 9,400ft \u2013 10,000ft. The top of this interval is
marked by the FDO of Bolivina imperatrix at 9,400 ft. The base of
this interval is marked by the LDO of Spirosplectamina wrightii at
10,000 ft. The studied intervals in the wells are dated Early Miocene -
Oligoocene. Using the lithologic and foraminiferal studies, it is
inferred that the intervals penetrated by the well correspond to Agbada
Formation
Pattern of Age-Adjusted Serum Prostate Specific Antigen Reference Intervals among Men in Benin City, Nigeria
No full textProstate Cancer has assumed an important public health concern in
Nigeria. Its incidence is anecdotally on the rise in our community and
many prominent Nigerians are dying from it. The current study set out
to ascertain the age adjusted prostate specific antigen (PSA) values
indigenous to the local community and to confirm the relationship
between PSA and age. In this study, enrollees were from a medical
outreach carried out by a non-governmental agency in Benin City,
Nigeria. The number of volunteers was 443 adult males. Eleven 11(2.48%)
of this number were excluded from the study on account of their
outlying PSA values. The mean age was 42.4years; the youngest volunteer
being 18 years and the oldest, 86 years. The mean PSA value in the
6440 year, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, and 6570year age categories
were 1.77 ng/ml, 2.09 ng/ml, 1.99 ng/ml, 2.63 ng/ml, and 2.59 ng/ml
respectively. The overall mean PSA was 2.21 ng/ml, whereas the median
was 2.09ng/ml. Results showed positive but weak correlation between age
and PSA (R = 0.161, P < 0.01). Nonetheless, significant increases in
PSA with age were reported. The current study therefore provides a set
of serum PSA values that are indigenous to the local environment, which
could be used as cut-off threshold for performing prostatic biopsies
Assessing Uptake Kinetics and Natural Depuration of Lead and Cadmium in African Catfish Juvenile
No full textThis study was carried out to assess the uptake kinetics of two heavy
metals lead and cadmium in African catfish juveniles and their ability
to depurate during subsequent exposure to clean water. Catfish
juveniles with average weight and length of 5.3g and 5.8cm respectively
were randomly selected and acclimatized for two weeks. A 24-hour range
finding test was carried out. In the definite test, the fish were
stocked in 24 tanks containing 5litres of water with lead and cadmium
treatment separately labeled according to predetermined concentrations
5, 10, 15, 20, 25 mg for lead and cadmium with 4 fish in each
treatment. The water and fish were analyzed for the metals after 5 days
to show percentage uptake of the metals from the water. The fish were
transferred back into clean water to access the rate of depuration and
water was changed continuously. After 4 days the fish were analyzed
again to see if they were purged of the heavy metals. Based on these
findings catfish have shown to be good accumulators of heavy metals but
can be depurated if allowed to swim in clean water. Uptake percentage
after the period of exposure to 5mg, 10mg, 15mg, 20mg, 25mg
concentrations were 18.68, 10.17, 5.95, 1.41, 8.26 for cadmium and
20.47, 10.17, 8.76, 9.92, 10.08 for lead; Percentage of metals
depurated after 4 days were 40.00, 80.70, 90.00, 77.78, 45 for cadmium
and 73.045, 20.413, 41.425, 37.580, 61.141 for lead. Lead was readily
taken but cadmium was readily depurated
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Ethanol Extracts of Fresh Citrus sinensis (Sweet Orange) Seeds against Selected Bacterial Strains
No full textThe antibacterial activities of fresh Citrus sinensis seed oil and
non-oil extract are investigated in this study. Gram positive (
Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis ) and Gram negative
( Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.)
bacterial strains are used in this study and antibacterial activity is
estimated using the agar well diffusion method. Zones of inhibition
were measured and the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum
bacteriostatic concentrations were determined. The results show that
the non-oil extract had better antibacterial activities against
Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli
compared to the oil extract (zones of inhibition at 200 \u3bcg/ml of
12 mm, 8 mm and 2 mm respectively for the non- oil extract; 4 mm, 6 mm,
0 mm respectively for the seed oil). The seed oil however had better
antibacterial activity compared to the non-oil extract in Salmonella
spp. (zones of inhibition at 200 \u3bcg/ml of 8 mm for the seed oil
compared to 4 mm for the non-oil extract). Pseudomonas aeruginosa
showed similar susceptibility to both extracts at both concentrations
studied (zones of inhibition of 4 mm and 2 mm for both extracts at 200
\u3bcg/ml and 100 200 \u3bcg/ml respectively). Minimum inhibitory
concentrations ranged from 50 \u2013 100 \u3bcg/ml while minimum
bacteriostatic concentrations ranged from 100 \u2013 200 \u3bcg/ml.
We conclude from our findings that both extracts hold promise in the
development of antimicrobial therapeutics
On the Stochastic Optimal Control Model of the Investments of Defined Contribution (DC) Pension Funds
No full textOne of the major problems faced in the management of pension funds and
plan is how to allocate and control the future flow of contribution
likewise the proportion of portfolio value and investments in risky
assets. In this work, optimal investment for a stochastic model of a
Defined contribution (DC) is investigated such that the model design is
analysed yielding an optimized expected utility of the members\u2019
terminal wealth. An optimized solution is derived using the Hamilton
Jacobi equation in solving the problem of investment strategy
formulated by Constant absolute risk aversion (CARA). However, to
consider the changes that occur in the dimension of optimal solutions
in optimization problems, mostly, the optimal behaviour of parameters,
the sensitivity analysis is considered. Thus, the analysis of the model
is carried out herein by utilising the approach of the sensitivity
analysis of parameters. This is carried out by using Maple software and
varying the values of some model parameters such that the behaviour of
each parameter relating to the pension funds invested in the risky
assets is determined. The results are presented graphically and using
tables thus discussed such that pension investors and stakeholders are
advised
Physicochemical Profiles and Water Quality Indices of Surface Waters Collected from Falcorp Mangrove Swamp, Delta State, Nigeria
No full textSurface water samples were collected at a frequency of once monthly for
a period of 18 months; February 2013- July 2014, from several points on
the Falcorp mangrove swamp, Ijala, Warri, Delta State. The abstracted
samples were subjected to several physical and chemical analyses which
were conducted in accordance with referenced procedures. The recorded
data were subjected to statistical analysis and multivariate analysis
using Microsoft excel, SPSS version 16.0 and PAST respectively. There
was no significant difference (P>0.05) across the stations; Stations
1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively for pH, Temperature, Electrical
conductivity, DO, BOD5, TSS, Turbidity, Chloride, Salinity, Sulphate,
Nitrate, Hardness, Ca, Ma, Zn, Cd and Pb. There were significant
difference (P<0.05) across the 5 stations for the following
parameters; TDS, Bi-carbonate, Phosphate, Fe and Cu. The mean
concentrations of most of the physical and chemical parameters in the
surface water with the exception of pH were below acceptable WHO limits
for portable water. The water quality index (WQI) at stations 1, 2, 3,
4 and 5 ranged from 8.45-24.9, 8.31-23.95, 8.36-16.26, 8.24-10.11 and
8.43-23.58 respectively. The Principal component analysis (PCA) of the
data sets yielded 35 variables under 22 components with Eigenvalues
< 1 (PC1-PC6) and >1 (PC7-PC22). There was a positive correlation
between pH, water temperature, TDS, EC, TSS, turbidity, Cl, HCO3,
salinity, SO4, hardness, Ca, Mg, and Cd whilst a negative relationship
existed between DO, BOD5, PO4, NO3, Fe, Zn, Cu and Pb respectively
Socioeconomic and Lifestyle Assessment of Selected Forest Based Communities in Omo Biosphere Reserve, Ogun State, Nigeria
No full textThis study assessed socio-economic characteristics and lifestyle of
selected forest based communities in Omo Biosphere Reserve, Ogun state
in southwest Nigeria. The study aim was to explore the influence of
socioeconomic factors on their lifestyle, quality of life and
implications for forest environment. A sample of 180 respondents from
three enclaves was selected using simple random sampling. Data
collected was analyzed using SPSS version 20 and presented as Tables
and charts. The results showed that 86.11 per cent of them were adults
between ages 31years and 70years who have families, responsibilities to
cater for and have capacity to further expand their land into the
forest. Only 2.2 per cent of the respondents have no formal education
indicating a great decline in illiteracy. About 75.56 per cent have
incomes ranging between 500,000 to 1,000,000 yearly. 58 per cent
respondents have a household size ranging between 6-10 persons. 7.22
per cent have farm size less than 3 Ha while the rest have more up to
10 Ha. 83 per cent of the respondents were involved in cocoa farming
while the remaining 17 per cent shared kola, palm and plantain crops
farming. The type of constraints affecting the livelihood strategy
often influences the mitigation measures undertaken by farmers in the
study area. On health, malaria is the most prevalent disease
experienced by 73.3 per cent respondents. However, the health care
facilities are far from residents and also inadequate. As a result,
about 95.6 per cent resorted to self-medication using herbs in case of
illness. Younger and active age groups have their resultant
socio-economic implications for forest environment but the obvious is
its negativities in respect of exploiting more lands for farming hence,
government should ensure increase awareness aimed at protecting the
forest in order to prevent further forest encroachers
Detection and Classification of Stator Short-Circuit Faults in Three-Phase Induction Motor
No full textInduction motors are the backbone of the industries because they are
easy to operate, rugged, economical and reliable. However, they are
subjected to stator\u2019s faults which damage the windings and
consequently lead to machine failure and loss of revenue. Early
detection and classification of these faults are important for the
effective operation of induction motors. Stators faults detection and
classification based on wavelet Transform was carried out in this
study. The feature extraction of the acquired data was achieved using
lifting decomposition and reconstruction scheme while Euclidean
distance of the Wavelet energy was used to classify the faults. The
Wavelet energies increased for all three conditions monitored, normal
condition, inter-turn fault and phase-to-phase fault, as the frequency
band of the signal decreases from D1 to A3. The deviations in the
Euclidean Distance of the current of the Wavelet energy obtained for
the phase-to-phase faults are 99.1909, 99.8239 and 87.9750 for phases A
and B, A and C, B and C respectively. While that of the inter-turn
faults in phases A, B and C are 77.5572, 61.6389 and 62.5581
respectively. Based on the Euclidean distances of the faults, Df and
normal current signals, three classification points were set: K1 = 0.60
x 102, K2 = 0.80 x 102 and K3 = 1.00 x 102. For K2 65 Df 65
K1 inter-turn faults is identified and for K3 65 Df 65 K2
phase to phase fault identified. This will improve the induction motors
stator\u2019s fault diagnosis
Adoption of Agro-Forestry among Farmers in Onigambari area of Oyo State, Nigeria
No full textThis study was carried out in the Onigambari area of Oyo state to
determine the choice of farmers to practice Ago-forestry in the area.
The \u3c72 test result revealed that the educational level of the
respondents correlated highly with the respondents major occupation
(p<0.01). \u3c72 test shows that there was significant relationship
(p<0.01) between the respondents\u2019 level of education and
awareness of agroforestry systems. This shows that farmers with a
better educational background can accept agro forestry easily than
those will lower education. Farmers\u2019 awareness of Agroforestry
systems, willingness to plant trees, purpose of planting trees and
desired tree species were evaluated. It was observed that 74% of the
respondents are not willing to practice agroforestry while 24% shows
interest. 64% confirmed they are aware of the practice while 32% had
never heard of such practice. The t-test result shows a significant
difference with respect to the willingness of the respondents to
practice agroforestry. Of those that are aware, 38% practice
agroforestry for the purpose of fuel wood, 36% as source of income
while only 2% practice for the purpose of wind breaking. Eucalyptus
calmuldulensis, Magnifera indica, Gmelina aboreal are some of the tress
used for this practice in the study area. Lack of seed and scarcity of
land were identified as limiting factors that prevent farmers from
practicing agroforestry. In summary it was observed that the
respondent\u2019s level of education correlated significantly to the
level of education, also the level of education determines
respondent\u2019s willingness to practice agroforestry. It is
recommended that Seeds, Seedlings and land be made available to
encourage the practice among farmers. Extension workers are encouraged
to engage farmers more on the benefits of agroforestry