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Effects of different types of fertilizers application on rice grain quality
No full textAs expected, applications of organic fertilizer and controlled-release
fertilizer are gradually varying traditional fertilization, being
considered as important channels for substitution of conventional
chemical-fertilizer. However, information regarding their effects on
rice ( Oryza sativa L.) grain quality remains limited. A field
experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of combined
application of bio-organic fertilizer and conventional fertilizer
(BOF+CF), combined application of organic fertilizer and conventional
fertilizer (OF+CF), and application of controlled-release fertilizer
(CRF) on rice processing quality, eating quality and nutritional
quality with conventional fertilizer (CF) and no fertilizer (NF) as
controls. The protein content of OF+CF treatment was increased by
4.67%, 3.29%, 2.61% and 22.66% when compared to BOF+CF, CRF, CF and NF.
These results imply that, among all treatments, NF produced the highest
rice eating quality followed by CRF and BOF+CF, and OF+CF made the
highest nutritional quality followed by CF and CRF. When compared to
CF, BOF+CF and NF treatments decreased protein content by 1.96% and
16.34%. Compared to CF, BOF+CF treatment markedly reduced aspartic
acid, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, histidine, arginine, and
proline contents in milled rice by 17.31, 14.71%, 16.39%, 16.67%,
20.69%, 11.77%, 18.42%, and 18.75%, respectively. The nutritional
quality under NF and BOF+CF was significantly decreased when compared
with CF, due to the reductions in protein content of milled rice and
most amino acids contents of brown and milled rice. These results
suggest that a kind of suitable fertilizer could be chosen from them as
alternatives according to desired goal in high-quality rice production
Co-application of soil superabsorbent polymer and foliar fulvic acid to increase tolerance to water deficit maize: photosynthesis, water parameters, and proline
No full textFulvic acid (FA) and superabsorbent polymer (SAP) are widely applied to
improve crop growth and yield under water deficit conditions, but
little is known about the changes in crop physiological parameters
related to water deficit tolerance when SAP and FA are combined. A pot
test with maize ( Zea mays L.) plants was conducted to examine the
combined effect on photosynthesis, leaf water, proline, and growth
under soil water deficit. Maize plants were subjected to two soil
moisture conditions at the late crop growth phase: water deficit (WD,
50% field capacity) and well-watered (WW, 80% field capacity). The SAP
(4.5 g m-2) was mixed into the soil layer at sowing and the FA solution
(2 g L-1) was sprayed twice during water control. The combined
application significantly improved maize grain yield under both
watering conditions. The net photosynthesis rate, intrinsic quantum
yield, fluorescent parameter (Fv/Fm), and chlorophyll content all
improved with the combined application under both watering regimes. The
compensating effect of combining chemicals on yield and photosynthesis
parameters was higher than when applied alone under the two watering
conditions. For prolonged and WD conditions, leaf proline and water
content were higher under the combined treatment than when used
separately. Under the WD conditions treated with FA and SAP, Fv/Fm had
positive significant correlations with leaf water content and osmotic
potential; leaf proline did not show any correlations with either the
osmotic potential or leaf water content. This result demonstrated that
SAP and FA could be combined to maintain high leaf proline and improve
photosynthesis to mitigate adverse effects of moderate water storage on
maize growth
Selection of common bean lines obtained by the genealogical and bulk methods for disease resistance and agronomic traits
No full textA common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) breeding program aims to
obtain high yielding lines with quality bean seeds, disease resistance,
and upright plant growth habit. The aims of this study were to evaluate
the resistance of 527 common bean lines to the principal physiological
races of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and the Fusarium oxysporum f.
phaseoli ; to estimate genetic parameters and verify the efficiency of
the genealogical and bulk methods in conducting these lines.Of these
527 lines, 279 were conducted by the genealogical method and 248 by the
bulk method. For the field experiment, the Federer augmented block
experimental design was used. Two commercial cultivars carioca seed
coat were used as controls for the lines the same color, and more two
commercial cultivars for the black seed coat lines. The traits
evaluated in the field were plant height (PH), plant growth habit (P),
bean seed yield (BY), sieve yield (SY), and lightness of the bean seed
coat (L). Of the 527 lines evaluated for anthracnose, 207 were
resistant, 57 moderately resistant, and 263 susceptible. For fusarium
wilt, 58 were resistant, 53 moderately resistant, and 96 susceptible.
For the carioca seed coat lines obtained by the genealogical method,
the heritability (h\ub2) estimates stood out for P, BY, L at 40 d,
and gain from selection for BY. The h\ub2 stood out for black seed
coat lines in the PH and SY traits, it can be concluded that the lines
obtained by the genealogical method had better performance for all the
traits
Sulphur nutrition index in relation to nitrogen uptake and quality of winter wheat grain
No full textA sulphur nutrition index (SNI) is an analogue of the N nutrition
index, which is a widely used simple indicator of plant N status. The
aim of this study was to relate the SNI (ratio of S concentration in
shoot biomass to critical S concentration - Sc) to N uptake, grain
yield and breadmaking quality of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)
grain during 4-yr small-plot field experiments realized under
non-limiting N conditions in three different locations in the Czech
Republic. The model of S dilution curve (Sc) developed by Reussi et al.
(2012) for spring wheat was used for expression of the SNI. According
to the model, optimal S concentration in shoot biomass was calculated
using nothing but shoot biomass weight. The constant value of Sc = 0.55
was determined for shoot biomass weight lower than 1.0 t ha-1. A very
strong correlation was recorded between the SNI and an N to S weight
ratio (N:S) in shoot biomass. Both, optimal N:S weight ratio in shoot
biomass and qualitative parameters of grain (particularly Zeleny
sedimentation volume, grain protein content and wet gluten content)
were recorded if the SNI exceeded values of 0.80 at the beginning of
stem elongation, 0.70 at the late boot stage, and even 0.60 at the
beginning of heading despite the fact that the Reussi et al.\u2019s
model of S dilution curve was originally applicable only until the end
of stem elongation. Correlation between the SNI and relative grain
yield was weak
Soil carbon dioxide efflux in conilon coffee ( Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner) plantations in different phenological phases in tropical climate in Brazil
No full textThe agricultural sector is considered an important source of greenhouse
gases, in which the coffee crop has an important contribution,
participating in the dynamics of soil C and CO2 emissions. In this way,
the aim of this study was to analyze and quantify CO2 emissions in
different phenological phases in soil cultivated with conilon coffee
(Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner), and compare it with CO2 flow
in forest and pasture area. The experiment was conducted in the
Experimental Area of the Federal Institute of Esp\uedrito Santo,
Southeastern Brazil, in an experimental plot of 0.5 ha cultivated with
conilon Vit\uf3ria coffee clones. The quantification of soil CO2 flux
was performed between July 2016 and June 2017, this period comprising
all the seasons of the year, using in two rounds of ratings (day and
night), with five replicates each. For comparison purposes, another
measurement of the CO2 stream was conducted in June 2017 with an
evaluation period of 24 h. The highest CO2 emission occurred during the
harvest phases of the fruit (206.7 mg CO2 m-2 h-1). The lowest daily
CO2 flow records were observed in the rest and flowering phases with
values of 82.1 and 83.6 CO2 mg m-2 h-1, respectively. The CO2 emission
from the forest was higher than the emissions that occurred in the area
planted with conilon coffee and pasture, during dry season
Farmers\u2019 perceptions of climate change and adaptation strategies on sorghum productivity in the Sudanian and Sahelian zones of Mali
Get PDFIn Mali, climate change is a major threat to the productivity of food
security crops such as sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, 1794).
The objective of this study was to analyse farmers\u2019 perceptions
of climate change effects, on sorghum productivity and the adaptation
related strategies. A total of 352 sorghum farmers in the Sudanian and
Sahelian zones of Mali were interviewed, using a semi-structured
questionnaire. Data collected were related mainly to the farmers\u2019
socio-economic profiles, indicators used to characterise climate change
and strategies developed to cope with it. Irregular rainfall, marked
rise in temperatures and early cessation of the rainy seasons were the
main manifestations of climate change effects according to the
respondents. These effects reportedly resulted in a drastic drop in
sorghum yields. Use of meteorological information (19.89% of the
respondents), use of early and drought-resistant varieties (13.35% of
the respondents), and intercropping of sorghum with other crops (25.85%
of the respondents) were the strategy options adapted by farmers. The
choice of an adaptation strategies was largely dependent on the number
of years of experience in sorghum production, and the number of labour
providers available in the household. It is imperative to assess and
refine the agronomic effectiveness of these coping strategies to
improve sorghum productivity in the study areas.La pr\ue9sente \ue9tude vise \ue0 d\ue9terminer l\u2019effet
des changements climatiques sur la productivit\ue9 du sorgho (
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, 1794) et les strat\ue9gies
d\u2019adaptations mises en \u153uvre par les agriculteurs au
Mali.\ua0Ainsi, les enqu\ueates ont \ue9t\ue9 effectu\ue9es
dans 32 villages dans les deux zones. 352 producteurs de sorgho
\ue2g\ue9s de 25 \ue0 75 ans tant dans la zone soudanienne que
dans la zone sah\ue9lienne ont \ue9t\ue9 s\ue9lectionn\ue9s
et soumis \ue0 un questionnaire semi structur\ue9. Les producteurs
observent de nos jours une irr\ue9gularit\ue9 des pluies, des
temp\ue9ratures \ue9lev\ue9es, des vents violents, des
arr\ueats pr\ue9coces de la saison pluvieuse et des poches de
s\ue9cheresse au cours de la saison, et des inondations (85,70%)
causant une baisse drastique des rendements des cultures du sorgho. Le
suivi des informations m\ue9t\ue9orologiques (19,89%) dans les
m\ue9diats, l\u2019utilisation des vari\ue9t\ue9s pr\ue9coces
et r\ue9sistantes \ue0 la s\ue9cheresse (13,35%), la pratique des
associations culturales (25,85%), la pratique des techniques de
paillage (2,27%) avec les r\ue9sidus de r\ue9colte, l\u2019apport
des engrais min\ue9raux et organiques (24,72%), la pratique du
za\uef (3,41%), les pratiques occultes (3,98%) sont des
strat\ue9gies d\u2019adaptation mises en \u153uvre. Le choix des
pratiques d\u2019adaptation est significativement (P< 0,05 \ue0
P<0,001) d\ue9termin\ue9 par la situation matrimoniale de
l\u2019individu, de son exp\ue9rience dans la production et des
moyens financiers dont il dispose. L\u2019\ue9tude sugg\ue8re
d\u2019\ue9valuer l\u2019efficacit\ue9 de ces strat\ue9gies
d\u2019adaptation pour une meilleure productivit\ue9 du sorgho dans
les deux zones d\u2019\ue9tude
Improved callogenesis and plant regeneration from immature male flowers of East African highland banana cv. \u201cNakitembe\u201d (AAA-EA)
No full textApplication of biotechnological tools in breeding, germplasm
conservation and propagation of the East African bananas ( Musa sp.)
is limited by the crop\u2019s recalcitrance to somatic embryogenesis.
This study was undertaken to establish an efficient callus induction
and plant regeneration protocol from immature male flowers in the most
commercial and farmer preferred banana cultivar
\u201cNakitembe\u201d. Embryogenic callusing was improved from 2.9%
on conventional MA1 culture medium to 4.2% with 500 mg L-1 L-Glutamine,
500 mg L-1 L-Proline and 300 mg L-1 casein hydrolysate supplements. A
combination of the three amino acids with Chui N6 salts yielded the
highest callusing of 10.2%. Cell suspensions were developed and
maintained on conventional MS based MA2 medium. Subsequently, the
highest efficiency of embryos germination (up to 80%) was achieved on
MA4 medium, supplemented with 2.25 mg L-1 BAP and 0.2 mg L-1 IAA. The
developed protocol has been successfully applied in Agrobacterium
mediated genetic transformations of this variety.L\u2019application des outils biotechnologiques dans la
s\ue9lection, la conservation du mat\ue9riel g\ue9n\ue9tique et
la propagation des bananiers d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Est ( Musa
sp.) est limit\ue9e par la r\ue9ticence de la culture \ue0
l\u2019embryogen\ue8se somatique. Cette \ue9tude a \ue9t\ue9
entreprise pour \ue9tablir un protocole efficace d\u2019induction
des cals embryog\ue8nes et de r\ue9g\ue9n\ue9ration des plantes
\ue0 partir de fleurs m\ue2les immatures dans le cultivar de
bananier le plus commercial et pr\ue9f\ue9r\ue9 des agriculteurs
\uab Nakitembe \ubb. Les callosit\ue9s embryog\ue8nes ont
\ue9t\ue9 am\ue9lior\ue9es de 2,9% sur le milieu de la culture
MA1 conventionnel \ue0 4,2% avec des suppl\ue9ments de 500 mg L-1
L-Glutamine, 500 mg L-1 L-Proline et 300 mg L-1 d\u2019hydrolysat de
cas\ue9ine. Une combinaison des trois acides amin\ue9s avec des
sels de Chui N6 a donn\ue9 le cal embryog\ue8ne le plus
\ue9lev\ue9 de 10,2 %. Des suspensions cellulaires ont
\ue9t\ue9 d\ue9velopp\ue9es et maintenues sur un milieu MA2
\ue0 base de MS conventionnel. Par la suite, l\u2019efficacit\ue9
la plus \ue9lev\ue9e de la germination des embryons
(jusqu\u2019\ue0 80 %) a \ue9t\ue9 obtenue sur le milieu MA4
compl\ue9t\ue9 par 2,25 mg L-1 de BAP et 0,2 mg L-1 d\u2019IAA. Le
protocole d\ue9velopp\ue9 a \ue9t\ue9 appliqu\ue9 avec
succ\ue8s dans les transformations g\ue9n\ue9tiques induites par
Agrobacterium de cette vari\ue9t\ue9
Biomass management and nutritional sustainability of Eucalyptus spp. stands in small farms
No full textO estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de subsidiar pr\ue1ticas de
manejo nutricional de povoamentos de Eucalyptus spp. em pequenas
propriedades rurais no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram avaliados
povoamentos de 2, 4, 6 e 8 anos de idade, com amostragem de 24
\ue1rvores e determina\ue7\ue3o da biomassa e nutrientes nos
componentes: folha, galho vivo, galho morto, madeira e casca do tronco
e raiz. Tamb\ue9m foi estimada a biomassa e o conte\ufado de
nutrientes no sub-bosque e na serapilheira. A biomassa e o estoque de
nutrientes no eucalipto foram estimados por meio do produto dos valores
m\ue9dios por componente, classe diam\ue9trica e n\ufamero de
\ue1rvores por hectare, e no sub-bosque e serapilheira, por
extrapola\ue7\ue3o com base na \ue1rea das unidades amostrais. A
efici\ueancia de utiliza\ue7\ue3o dos nutrientes no eucalipto foi
estimada atrav\ue9s do coeficiente de utiliza\ue7\ue3o
biol\uf3gico (CUB). Considerando-se o estoque total de nutrientes no
eucalipto, em m\ue9dia, a parti\ue7\ue3o, por nutriente, obedeceu
a seguinte ordem: Ca (40,0%), N (25,6%), K (22,6%), Mg (5,9%), S
(3,1%), P (2,8%); e por componente: casca do tronco (27,5%), folha
(25,1%), madeira do tronco (22,5%), galho vivo (14,4%), raiz (9,4%) e
galho morto (1,1%). A serapilheira e o sub-bosque desempenham
importante fun\ue7\ue3o na manuten\ue7\ue3o dos nutrientes no
ecossistema florestal, e acumularam em m\ue9dia, em rela\ue7\ue3o
ao estoque total no eucalipto, para N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S,
respectivamente, 47,1%, 34,0%, 33,6%, 32,8%, 35,3% e 36,6%. A colheita
florestal realizada em povoamentos jovens acarreta perda no rendimento
de madeira do tronco e maior exporta\ue7\ue3o relativa de
nutrientes (menor CUB). A colheita total da biomassa de eucalipto acima
do solo, quando comparada com a colheita apenas da madeira do tronco,
aumentou a exporta\ue7\ue3o de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S,
respectivamente, em 83%, 152%, 193%, 445%, 305% e 49%, ao passo que a
remo\ue7\ue3o de biomassa aumentou apenas 20%.This study was conducted to achieve practical subsidies for nutritional
management in Eucalyptus spp. stands in small farms located in Rio
Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Different stand ages were evaluated (2, 4,
6 and 8 years old), twenty-four (24) trees were sampled and biomass and
nutrients were determined for the following components: leaf, live
branch, dead branch, wood and bark from the trunk and root. Biomass and
nutrient content in the understory and litter were also estimated.
Biomass and nutrients stock in eucalypts were estimated through the
product of the mean values for each component, diametric class and
number of trees per hectare, and in understory and litter, it was
obtained through extrapolation based on the sample unit areas.
Utilization efficiency from eucalyptus nutrients was estimated through
the coefficient of biological utilization (CUB). Considering total
nutrients stock in the eucalyptus, nutrients partition followed this
order: Ca (40.0%), N (25.6%), K (22.6%), Mg (5.9%), S (3.1%), P (2.8%);
and for component: trunk bark (27.5%), leaf (25.1%), wood trunk
(22.5%), live branch (14.4%), root (9.4%) and dead branch (1.1%).
Litter and understory play an important role in nutrients maintenance
in forest ecosystems and accumulate (in average), based on the total
stock for eucalyptus, for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S, respectively, 47.1%,
34.0%, 33.6%, 32.8%, 35.3% and 36.6%. Forest harvesting in young stands
leads to loss in wood yield and a higher nutrients relative export
(lower CUB). The total eucalyptus biomass harvest above the soil, when
compared to the harvest of only the trunk wood, increased the exports
of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S, respectively, in 83%, 152%, 193%,
respectively. 445%, 305% and 49%, while the removal of biomass
increased only 20%
Multivariate analysis of native forest species in relation to chemical and texture attributes of soil in the region of Cotrigua\ue7u \u2013 Mato Grosso State
No full textObjetivou-se neste trabalho classificar as esp\ue9cies florestais
quanto \ue0s exig\ueancias em fertilidade do solo, bem como
identificar grupos com caracter\uedsticas semelhantes utilizando
t\ue9cnicas da estat\uedstica multivariada. Para isso, foram
analisadas amostras de solo quanto \ue0 textura e aos atributos
qu\uedmicos e realizado um levantamento fitossociol\uf3gico da
regi\ue3o. Na an\ue1lise de componentes principais, as
rela\ue7\uf5es do complexo solo foram resumidas em quatro
componentes que juntos explicaram 80% da vari\ue2ncia dos dados, com
rela\ue7\uf5es mais significativas entre a soma de bases,
satura\ue7\ue3o por bases, capacidade de troca cati\uf4nica
efetiva, satura\ue7\ue3o por alum\uednio, Ca+Mg, Al e argila, com
coeficiente de correla\ue7\ue3o maior que 90%. Na an\ue1lise de
agrupamento hier\ue1rquico, com 70% de similaridade quanto aos
atributos do solo, formaram-se tr\ueas grupos distintos de
esp\ue9cies florestais. A an\ue1lise multivariada foi eficiente na
redu\ue7\ue3o das vari\ue1veis originais, separa\ue7\ue3o e
classifica\ue7\ue3o dos grupos e identifica\ue7\ue3o dos
atributos qu\uedmicos do solo mais requeridos pelas esp\ue9cies
florestais. Os Grupos 1 e 2 cont\ueam esp\ue9cies mais exigentes em
fertilidade, com prefer\ueancias por solos de textura m\ue9dia
ricos em bases de c\ue1lcio e magn\ue9sio, enquanto o Grupo 3
parece ser menos exigente, prevalecendo em solos mais arenosos e mais
\ue1cidos, com grande capacidade de troca de c\ue1tions e elevada
satura\ue7\ue3o por alum\uednio; podendo, as esp\ue9cies desse
\ufaltimo grupo, ser indicadas para recupera\ue7\ue3o de
\ue1reas degradadas. As esp\ue9cies Copaifera sp. e Goupia glabra
merecem mais estudos quanto aos mecanismos de adapta\ue7\ue3o
\ue0s condi\ue7\uf5es de baixa fertilidade do solo.This paper aimed to classify the forest species related to the demands
on soil fertility and to identify groups with similar characteristics
using multivariate statistical techniques. To do so, we analyzed soil
samples for the texture and for chemical attributes and we carried out
a phytosociological survey of the region. In the principal component
analysis, the relations of the complex soil were summarized into four
components, which together explained 80% of data variance, with most
significant relationships between the sum of bases, base saturation,
total cation exchange capacity, aluminum saturation, Ca + Mg, Al and
clay, with correlation coefficient greater than 90%. In hierarchical
cluster analysis, 70% is similar to soil attributes; three distinct
groups of forest species were formed. Multivariate analysis was
effective in reducing the original variables, separation and
classification of groups and identification of soil chemical properties
most required by forest species. Groups 1 and 2 contain species more
demanding in fertility, with preferences for medium textured soils and
rich in calcium and magnesium bases. While Group 3 seems to be less
demanding, with a predominance in sandy and acidic soils, with large
cation exchange capacity and high aluminum saturation. Therefore, the
species of the latter group can be indicated for the recovery of the
degraded areas. The species Copaifera sp. and Goupia glabra deserve
more studies about the mechanisms of adaptation to low soil fertility
conditions
Prevalence, predictors and reasons for home delivery amongst women of childbearing age in Dodoma Municipality in central Tanzania
Get PDFIntroduction: The objective was to determine the prevalence, predictors
and reasons for home delivery amongst women of childbearing age in
Dodoma, Tanzania. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted
amongst women living in Dodoma Municipality. Data were collected using
adapted questionnaires and analysed using SPPS version 23. A
multivariable logistic regression model was used to assess the
independent predictors of home delivery. Results: A total of 425 women
of childbearing age were enrolled in this study. The mean (\ub1 SD)
age of the participants was 28.7 (\ub17.1) years. The prevalence of
home delivery was 35.5% (n=150, 95% CI 30.9 \u2013 40.2). Women with
secondary school and above had 93% less odds of home delivery than
women who had no education (AOR=0.0795% CI: 0.03-0.18). Women who lived
in rural areas (AOR=3.49, 95% CI: 2.12-5.75), and women living more
than 5km from health facilities (AOR=2.67, 95% CI: 1.65-4.37) had
higher odds of home delivery. The main reasons for home delivery were
transportation cost, and long distance to the nearest health
facilities. Conclusion: In this population, the prevalence of home
delivery remained to be high. To address this more collaborative
multisectoral effort like strengthening health education and
strengthening maternity waiting homes are needed