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Corrosion Inhibition Behaviour of Enantia chlorantha Extract on Pipeline Steel Corrosion in Acidic System
No full textThe corrosion inhibition capacity of Enantia chlorantha bark (ECB)
extract on the corrosion of pipeline steel in an acidic environment was
studied using the gravimetric method. The result revealed that weight
loss obviously increased with the rise in temperature though trend
lines were not parallel. The results obtained from the evaluation
showed that the corrosion inhibition efficiency of the extract
increased with extract concentration attaining an efficiency of 89.02%
with 2.5 g/L concentration at 30 \ubaC. The corrosion inhibition
efficiency, however, decreased with increase in temperature, while the
corrosion rate decreased. The significant achievement in this study was
the ability of Enantia chlorantha extract to reduce the corrosion rate
constant, increase its surface coverage with consequent longer material
half-life in an acidic environment
Physico-mechanical Characteristics of High Density Briquettes produced from Composite Sawdust
No full textPhysico-mechanical characteristics of briquettes produced from
composite sawdust admixture using a screw press briquetting machine was
investigated. Sample feedstock materials collected has particle sizes
varying between 6-8mm with 10-20% powdery components (< 4 mesh).
Briquette\u2019s physical characteristics investigated using standard
test apparatus and procedures include dimensional stability
immediately, 1 hour and 30 days after production, effects of particle
moisture and particle size on briquette compressed and relaxed
densities. Mechanical characteristics include resistance to gravity and
impact, effects of densities on impact resistance index (IRI) and
effects of briquette durability in water. Statistical models were used
to establish empirical relationships between the feedstock materials
(independent variables) and briquette characteristics (independent
variables). The physical characteristics of briquettes produced at 12%
are loose and brittle with poor dimensional stability, at 10% they are
bonded but weak in strength with good dimensional stability while
briquettes produced at 8% are well-formed, good colouration with char
carbonation, excellent dimensional stability. The compressed density of
the briquettes ranges of 490-820 kg/m3. The lower moisture briquettes
have high resistance to water dispersion, high impact resistance and
excellent storability
Effect of Butanol Addition to Neem Biodiesel-Diesel Blend on Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine
No full textThe effect of butanol addition in biodiesel-diesel blend to ascertain
the emission characteristics of diesel engine was investigated.
Experiments were carried out on a four-stroke, single cylinder,
air-cooled compression ignition engine. A blend of neem biodiesel 20%
and diesel fuel 80% was prepared and labelled as B20. Butanol was then
added to B20 blend at volume percent of 5%, 10% and 15% which was
labelled as B20Bu5, B20Bu10 and B20Bu15 respectively. These samples
were tested on the engine at two conditions: firstly, when speed was
constant (2600 rpm) with varying torque of 4, 6, 8, 10 and 11 Nm, and
secondly when torque was constant (4 Nm) with varying speed of 2000,
2200, 2400 and 2600 rpm. Exhaust gas analyzer was used to measure
exhaust emissions such as nitric oxide (NO), carbon dioxide (CO2),
carbon monoxide (CO) and unburnt hydrocarbon (HC). The result shows
that B20 blend has the highest amount of NO emission at all engine
loads. At varying speed B20 blend was found to have NO emission of
303.8 ppm on average but the addition of butanol to B20 blend
significantly reduced the amount of NO emission by 16%. NO emission
reduced much with more percentage of butanol in the blend. In regards
to CO2 emission, it was found that blends containing butanol emits
higher amount of CO2 than B20 blend. However, CO2 emission decreased as
percentage of butanol in the blend increase. At constant speed B20
blend increases CO emission more than blends containing butanol while
at varying speed the result shows very insignificant difference. It was
also revealed that blends containing butanol releases higher HC
emissions than B20 blend across all engine speeds. At varying torque
B20 blend emits higher HC than blends with butanol except for B20Bu15
which has 16.4 ppm on average. A regression equation was developed in
order to predict the exhaust emissions at specific engine conditions
using a particular fuel blend
Diversity of Bacteria and Fungi Associated with Freshwater Fishes from Mijawal River, Nasarawa, Nigeria
Get PDFUnderstudying the presence of bacteria and fungi population on
freshwater fishes, provides the knowledge and understanding of their
diversity and potential roles they may play in the health of the
aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The present study was conducted to
evaluate the diversity of bacteria and fungi species of identified fish
samples from River Mijawal, Nasarawa State. The fishes were sampled
from the only landing for three months (October to December, 2019) for
this study. During the sampling periods, thirteen (13) different fish
species were identified; they were swabbed with sterilized swab stick
from the skin surface for bacteria and fungi identification. The
Dominant fish species were Tilapia zillii , Labeo senegalensis ,
Mormyrus rume and Mormyrus tapines. The total number of thirteen (13)
bacterial and five (5) fungi species were isolated and identified.
Eight (8) of the bacteria isolates, were gram negative bacteria (
Pseudomonas sp, Aeromonas sp, Serratia mercescenes , Proteus sp,
Salmonella spp, Escherichia coli , Klebsiella sp, and Enterobacter
sp.); whilst the other five (5) were gram positive bacteria (
Bacillus sp, Micrococcus sp, Staphylococcus sp, Enterococcus sp
and Listeria monocytogenes ).The five isolated fungi species were
Aspergillus niger , Rhizopus sp, Penicillium sp, Trichoderma
viridae and Geotrichum candidum . The frequency of occurrence of the
isolated bacteria indicated that Staphylococcus sp had the highest
frequency of occurrence (16.67%) while Serratia mercescens had the
least occurrence (2.78%). The highest number of occurrence of the
isolated fungi species was observed in Rhizopus sp while the least was
recorded in Geotricum candidum. It was observed that Tilapia zillii and
Mormyrus rume had the most frequent bacteria and fungi isolates. It can
therefore be deduced from the results that fish samples identified from
River Mijawal has high bacteria and fungi diversity that may be
pathogenic to man. The occurrence of these microbes may be attributed
of human and animal faeces in the Rive
African Star Apple: Potentials and Application of Some Indigenous Species in Nigeria
Get PDFMany research in food and pharmaceuticals are focused on the use of
materials as close to nature as possible to limit exposure to harmful
synthetic substances. Alternatives are being sought for popular plant
based materials leading to increased attention to underutilized plants
and creating ripple effects in agriculture, agribusiness, health and
pharmaceuticals. A plant that is attaining prominence in Nigeria and in
the rain forests of West Africa is the African Star Apple. The plant is
best known for the juicy pulp of its fruit but the traditional
therapeutic use of parts of the plants are also common. Some authors
have investigated and documented some benefits obtained from its
leaves, stem, root and fruits. This paper focuses on the features, food
and pharmaceutical potentials of the oil, flour, extracts and gum form
the African Star Apple. Its fruit is rich in minerals and antioxidant
while extracts from various parts of the plant have good antimicrobial
and antifungal properties. The review also reveals that the African
Star Apple has many potential food and pharmaceutical applications that
are yet to be explored
Lithology and Fluid discrimination of Sody field of the Nigerian Delta
Get PDFThe lithology and fluid discrimination of an onshore Sody field, of the
Niger Delta was studied using gamma ray, resistivity and density logs
from three wells in the field in order to evaluate the field\u2019s
reservoir properties. Two reservoir sands (RES 1 and RES 2) were
delineated and identified as hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs. The
petrophysical parameters calculated include total porosity, water
saturation and volume of shale. The results obtained revealed that the
average porosity of the reservoir sands, range from 21% to 39%, which
is excellent indicator of a good quality reservoir and probably
reflecting well sorted coarse grain sandstone reservoirs with minimal
cementation. Water saturation is low in all the reservoirs, ranging
from 2% to 32%, indicating that the proportion of void spaces occupied
by water is low, and implying high hydrocarbon saturation. The
crossplot discriminated the reservoirs lithologies as sand, shaly sand
and shale sequences, except well Sody 2 which differentiated its
lithologies as sand and shale sequences and distinguished the
reservoirs\u2019 litho-fluids into three, namely; gas, oil and brine.
These results suggest that the reservoirs sand units of Sody field
contain significant accumulations of hydrocarbon
Body Weight Determination and Histological Examination of Livers in Normal Rats Administered with Tamsulosin
Get PDFThe objective of this study was to investigate histopathology of livers
and carry out body weight determination in normal rats administered
with tamsulosin. Standard methods and procedures were used in this
study. The results were revealed. Pertaining weight, at the 3rd , 6th
and 8th weeks of the study, no significant difference (P>0.05) in
weight was found in the group of rats treated with carvedilol (positive
control), tamsulosin low dose (12\u3bcg/kg) and high dose tamsulosin
(40\u3bcg/kg) compared to normal control group, respectively. Other
inter-groups comparisons were not significantly different,
respectively. Pertaining liver morphology, liver sections of groups
revealed no significant histological lesions compared to the normal
control group at the 6th and 8th weeks of the study, respectively. This
study revealed that the tamsulosin cause no histopathological lesion,
thus the drug might be safe to the liver and its biochemical processes
Heavy Metals Level in Clarias gariepinus (Catfish), Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia) and Chrysichthys nigroditatus (Bagrid catfish) collected from Ogun River, Ogun State, Nigeria
Get PDFAquatic organisms such as fish are prone to contamination by water
pollutants such as heavy metals. This study aims at assessing the
levels of heavy metals in the fillet tissues of 75 fish samples
comprising Clarias gariepinus (Catfish), Oreochromis niloticus
(Tilapia) and Chrysichthys nigroditatus (Bagrid catfish) from five (5)
different fishing locations along the Ogun River, Ogun State. The
fillet tissues of the fish samples were digested and analysed for Zn,
Pb, Fe, Cr and Cd using a Perkin Elmer, AAnalyst \u2013 200 Atomic
Absorption Spectrometer. The concentration of Zn in Clarias gariepinus,
Oreochromis niloticus and Chrysichthys nigroditatus were
5.37\ub12.558, 6.58\ub12.35 and 5.11\ub11.55 respectively; while
the levels of Pb in the species were Clarias gariepinus
(1.30\ub13.099), Oreochromis niloticus (1.01\ub10.95) and
Chrysichthys nigroditatus (0.35\ub10.59). Concentrations of Fe, Cr
and Cd in the species were Clarias gariepinus (8.87\ub13.547,
0.08\ub10.098 and 0.09\ub10.100), Oreochromis niloticus
(8.96\ub12.21, 0.12\ub10.11 and 0.11\ub10.11) and Chrysichthys
nigroditatus (8.16\ub13.88, 0.11\ub10.11 and 0.11\ub10.11). The
data revealed that most of these values were lower than FAO/WHO
permissible except Pb and Cr. Some of the fish sampled may pose health
hazards to the consumers. There is a need for constant monitoring of
pollutants in Ogun River
Composition of Tree Species in Onigambari Forest Reserve, Oyo State, Nigeria
Get PDFThe tree composition of Onigambari Forest Reserve in Oyo State was
evaluated by laying out a plot size of 50 x 50/m2 resulting to four
plots per hectare. 104 and 93 stems per hectare were recorded. A total
of 197 tree stands were encountered in the two compartments studied
with family Sterculiaceae with species Cola gigantean, Cola millenii ,
Sterculia africana , Sterculia oblonga , Sterculia tragacantha ,
Triplochiton scleroxylon , Pterogota macrocarpa and Nesogordonia
papaverifera .as the most abundant having 34 stands, followed by the
family Papilionoideae with species Baphia nitida with 20 stands as the
most abundance species. About thirty-nine percent of the tree species
encountered were wildlings having a diameter at breast height of
64 10 cm. Less than one percent (0.50%) of the trees were of
merchantable size. This could be a thing of concern and it calls for
adequate resourceful and sustainable management techniques. Habits in
Onigambari Forest Reserve are presented in Table 1. A total of
forty-three (43) species of trees distributed into twenty (20) families
were encountered. Family Sterculiaceae and Fabaceae was the richest
with eight (8) species each followed by family Euphobiaceae with (5)
tree species. Based on their habit, these species were classified into
100% trees. Furthermore, it is of the importance that the forest
reserves be protected from illegal/indiscriminate logging among other
anthropogenic activities in order to allow it regenerate
Isolation of Lupeol from the Stem Bark of Leptadenia hastata (Pers.) Decne
Get PDFDried stem bark powder of Leptadania hastata was subjected to
maceration with methanol to afford crude methanol extract, which was
partitioned with n-hexane, ethylacetate, chloroform and n- butanol to
afford different their respective fractions. Extensive phytochemical
screening of the n-hexane fraction using column chromatography resulted
to the isolation of a white solid substance. The substance was
identified as of lupeol using IR, 1D \u2013 NMR, 2D \u2013 NMR data
and by comparison with reference spectral data