Nagaoka University of Technology Institutional Repository

国立大学法人長岡技術科学大学博士（工学）doctoral thesi

淡, 焱鑫

論 文 内 容 の 要 旨 
 
氏 名 淡 焱鑫 
 
The thermal spraying method is a method of melting or semi-melting a metal or 
oxide as raw material and spraying the molten metal or metal oxide film on the 
surface of the material. A coating applied by this method is called a thermal spray 
coating. The “thermal” of thermal spraying means melting the raw material, and the 
“spraying”(projection) corresponds to spraying the raw material. It is applied mainly 
for the purpose of improving the corrosion, abrasion resistance, heat resistance or 
thermal barrier of the substrate. 
  The number kind of thermal spraying methods has been developed greatly in the 
past years for the application of protecting the materials. Among them, the typical 
spraying methods include the plasma spraying(PS), high-velocity oxygen fuel(HVOF) 
and flame spray(FS), et al.. In general, the characteristics of these technologies are 
determined by the flame temperature and the velocity of inflight particles. Hence, the 
use of different techniques for depositing similar coatings may lead to various results 
in quality and cost terms. For example, some specific functional coatings such as 
thermal barrier coatings and oxidation resistant coatings, are more easily achieved 
using APS and HVOF technologies. Which can be attributed to the following factors: 
particle the high-temperature(PS:10000-15000 K) and high-velocity(550-800 m/s) of 
the inflight particles for completely melting the raw-materials and flattening the splats 
to synthesis the dense or porous structure which can enhance the performance of the 
coating. However, other techniques, such as flame spraying(FS), are still 
recommended given their lower cost and high deposition rate. Therefore, it is a key 
with the choice of raw materials that are more easily melted at low temperatures to 
obtain similar or better performance of the coating. Hence, the precursor of 
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA) is suggested in this method as the 
metal-EDTA complex.    
In this study, the EDTA is the most famous chelating agent. As the characteristic, 
EDTA has achromic crystal powder, and a molecular weight of 292.25 and a 
decomposition point of 240 ℃. It was reported that the Y2O3:(Eu, B) phosphor 
powder was obtained by the thermal decomposition method the of Y-EDTA, 
Eu-EDTA at firing conditions. From this study, it can be used that the morphological 
and compositional design for metal oxide using metal-EDTA complex route. In 
addition, it is possible to obtain thin film with complicated metallic composition by 
thermal decomposition of metal-EDTA complexe powders formed by the method. In 
the follow-up study, the Yttrium(Y3+) ions were selected to form the metal-EDTA 
complexes, and the metal oxide films were deposited on a stainless steel(SUS) 
substrate with a H2-O2 combustion flame. I called this spray method as the chelate 
flame spray(CFS). The deposition process of metal oxide film involves two 
mechanisms, namely chemical reaction, and physical collision. It begins with a 
chemical reaction in which the precursor material such as the metal-EDTA complex, 
is decomposed and oxidized to form metal oxide particles. Finally, the physical 
collision of the molten metal oxide particles with subsequent cooling and 
solidification processes. Hence, this process exhibits some advantages over PS and 
HVOF even for high melting ceramic materials such as Y2O3 that melts at 
approximately 2430 ℃. In addition, there are two interesting findings with follow: (1) 
The Y2O3 film synthesized using the rotation apparatus with cooling agents exhibited 
porosity range of 22.8 - 36.4 %. (2) the Y2O3 cubic crystalline phase were confirmed 
in all films, synthesized with EDTAꞏYꞏH. Thus, it means that the metal oxide films 
synthesized in this method exhibit the potential for stronger thermal insulation 
properties, due to the low thermal conductivity of 12.5 W/(mꞏK)(293 K), high 
porosity, and stable crystalline structure. From the above described, the chelate flame 
method can be expected that the low cost and rapidly to synthesis the ceramic coating 
with thermal insulation capability, and so-called the thermal barrier coating(TBC) for 
applications in the hot-section metallic components of gas turbines or aero engines, 
such as burners, turbine blades, vans, and et.al. . 
The results indicated that: 
(1) The carrier gas plays an important role in determining the thickness and 
porosity of the resulting film.  
(2) The solidification speed of the molten particles deposited on the substrate may 
be related to the physical properties of the substrate material itself. 
(3) The nanolayer of MgO would have role in the Y2O3/ aluminum alloy joining 
formed from the EDTAꞏYꞏH complex and exhibit the strong adhesion and 
thermal shock properties. 
(4) The Y2O3 and Er2O3 coatings had higher thermal insulation capability by the 
steady-state test. 
(5) The thermal conductivity of Er2O3 coatings with porosity of approximately 30 
% were investigated. It exhibited low thermal conductivity at the stable phase 
by flame spraying apparatus. 
Thus,  the CFS method provides that not only the synthesized the metal-oxide 
coating exhibit the excellent performance in thermal insulation but also is possible 
to obtain the thermal conductivity of the coating at different temperature with can 
simulate engine working environment. 


Synthesis and thermal properties of metal-oxide films with several porosities using flame spraying apparatus

TRINH, THANH LINH

様式Form 
論 文 内 容 の 要 旨 
Abstract of Dissertation 
 
氏 名Name TRINH THANH LINH 
 
While modern roundabout has been proven superior to signalized intersection in safety, delay, and capacity under 
homogeneous traffic, its merits in heterogenous traffic are neither proven nor analyze. Both unique characteristics 
and models to reproduce behaviors in simulation has not been discussed comprehensively, especially in the high 
proportion of motorcycle condition. In this background, the study aims to answer for the question that what are the 
unveiled characteristics of motorcycles at roundabout and how to reproduce them in simulation. In order to achieve 
the answer, the study has gone through the following procedures step by step.  
Firstly, the literature review section determined the two constitutions of mixed traffic that are the performance 
rule and the appearance of small-sized vehicle. Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam, satisfies both two conditions and has 
uniqueness that only one type of small-size as well as non-lane-based vehicle, motorcycle, also named as two-
wheelers, and its dominance in traffic proportion. Thus, roundabouts in the city are selected as case studies. 
Moreover, this section also goes through the concepts and techniques related to model development, collective 
behavior, two-player game theory, agent-based modeling. 
Secondly, the surveyed videos are recorded by UAV and the trajectory data is extracted by using semi-automated 
software. The accuracy of extracted data is examined with under 4.1% error. From extracted data, the macroscopic 
and microscopic characteristics of motorcycles are analyzed. Chapter 3 highlights three points, that are the 
exponential relationship between turning angle rate and speed, the small critical gap of motorcycle, 1.25 seconds, 
and the oval shape of following space.  
Chapter 4 presents the model development in detail and its components. Based on the collective behavior and 
game theory, the motorcycle’s interaction model is built at the microscopic level.  The implementation of model 
in traffic simulator is detailed in chapter 5. The simulator is built based on the multi-agent programmable modeling 
environment, Netlogo. The parameters are calibrated with half of the collected data.  
Chapter 6 validated the simulated result based on the remaining data. The innovative microscopic indicators are 
employed for validation. They are travel time, turning angle rate, delay, conflict rate, following space, and time -
to-collision. The results show that the simulator could be considered as good in representing the traffic condition. 
Finally, chapter 7 concluded the study’s achievements, contributions, and limitations. Concerning research 
interest, the study proposed the novel motorcycle’s interaction model at the individual level. The model potentially 
applies and expends in the future to improve the accuracy of the future microscopic simulations. In addition, the 
developed agent-based simulator also has practical contributions. It could be an useful tool for policy test as well 
as new geometric design test. 
 


Development of Microscopic Simulation Model for Heterogeneous Traffic at Roundabout

国立大学法人長岡技術科学大学博士（工学）thesi

早川, 栄二

1 
様式Form 
論 文 内 容 の 要 旨 
Abstract of Dissertation 
 
氏 名Name 早川 栄二  
 
DDR-type zeolite has eight-membered oxygen rings with size of 0.36 × 0.44nm. Since the 
molecular sizes of CO2 and CH4 are 0.33 and 0.38 nm, respectively, DDR-type zeolite membrane 
has excellent CO2/CH4 separation performance and is promising material for CO2 separation from 
natural gas. However, there are problems that formation of by-product (SGT, DOH) and cracks 
during DDR-type zeolite membrane production, and manufacturing reproducibility is low. In the 
present work, synthesis method of DDR-type zeolite membrane was improved from the point of 
view mineralizing agent (MA), structure directing agent (SDA) and calcination method in order to 
solve those problems at synthesis of DDR-type zeolite membrane. 
   At first, some alkali metal halide salts were used as MA instead of EDA. DDR-type zeolite 
membrane achieved higher CO2 permeance by using dilute KF and SDA solution. In the present 
work, ozone detemplate method was applied to suppress cracks. In addition, it was found that 
DDR-type zeolite membrane was prepared other alkali metal halide salts except for iodide salt, 
and those membranes had CO2/CH4 selectivity of 190 to 390. As results, it was clarified that alkali 
cation and fluoride, chloride and bromide anion cause DDR-type zeolite membrane. Especially, to 
use of NaCl was able to synthesize DDR-type zeolite membrane without toxic MA such as 
fluoride and EDA. However, to change MA was insufficiency to improve formation by-product 
phase.  
 Next, it was investigated to the synthesis of DDR-type zeolite membrane using 
methyltropinium iodide (MTI) as SDA. This synthesis method was not confirmed formation SGT 
and could easily suppress formation DOH by adjusting synthesis condition. In addition, as-made 
DDR-type zeolite membrane using MTI had similar CO2/CH4 separation performance of exiting 
method. Therefore, DDR-type zeolite membrane with MTI has CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 separation 
selectivity compared with conventional synthesis method that is synthesis of DDR-type zeolite 
membrane using 1-adamantanamine (ADA). 
   Furthermore, Al-containing DDR-type zeolite membrane was synthesized, and CO2 separation 
properties were evaluated. Al-containing DDR-type zeolite membrane could be suppressed 
formation cracks by applying rapid thermal processing (RTP). FT-IR analysis of the zeolite crystal 
with difference Si/Al molar ratio and difference calcination states revealed condensation of 
surface silanol and increase of silanol by Al doping. Moreover, Al-containing DDR-type zeolite 
membrane was indicated higher CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 separation selectivity than all-silica 
DDR-type zeolite membrane. It was confirmed from the result that CO2 adsorption selectivity was 
improved by doping Al atom. However, since to dope Al caused thickness zeolite layer due to 
longer synthesis time, Al-containing DDR-type zeolite membrane had lower CO2 permeance than 
all-silica DDR-type zeolite membrane. 
2 
 In conclusion, MTI was better for synthesis of high purity DDR-type zeolite membrane due to 
suppression of formation SGT. In calcination method, ozone detemplate method was effective to 
thin zeolite membrane, and all-silica DDR type zeolite membrane had thin zeolite layer and higher 
CO2 permeance. Therefore, high purity DDR-type zeolite membrane can be prepared by using 
MTI and applying ozone detemplate method from precursor solution without Al source. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


Study on synthesis method of DDR type zeolite membrane with high CO2 separation performance

FENG, YU

（様式４）  
別紙２  
 
論文審査の結果の要旨  
 
学位申請者 Feng Yu  
 
本論文は、「Fundamental Studies on Pulsed Power Generation by LTD Circuits」
(LTD 型パルスパワー発生回路に関する基礎研究 )と題し、５章より構成されている。  
第１章「Introduction」 (序論 )では，パルスパワー技術の歴史、本研究の背景、全固体
パルスパワー発生器に基づいた研究の現状及び未来の研究動向について説明した。問題の
特定と研究の目標、研究の意義，研究の内容についてまとめている。  
第２章「Performance Test and Analysis Based on Solid-State High Repetitive 
Frequency LTD」 (全固体高繰り返し LTD に基づいた性能評価と分析 )では、全固体 LTD
に対する詳細な性能評価を行った。主な評価項目は，出力パルス幅と制御信号との関係、
LTD 基板における信号遅延のばらつき、異なるモジュール数を持つ LTD スタックの効率
などである。本章では LTD 型パルスパワー発生器の性能改善と出力向上に関する重要な
知見を得た。  
第３章「Development of Solid-State LTD Using Silicon Carbide MOSFETs」 (SiC-
MOSFET 用いた LTD の開発 )では、LTD パフォーマンス改善の試みの一つとして，ワイ
ドバンドギャップ半導体 SiC−MOSFET をスイッチとして採用した LTD モジュールを開
発した。スイッチのオン抵抗を正確に測定するための実験回路を提案し，この回路を用い
て Si-MOSFET と SiC-MOSFET との単体性能比較を行った。また、SiC デバイスを用い
た LTD モジュール製作し，実験評価を行った結果，LTD における SiC パワー半導体のメ
リットを明らかにした。  
第４章「Solid-State LTD Using Inductive Energy Storage」 (誘導性エネルギー蓄積に
基づいた LTD 型パルスパワー発生器 )では新しいパルスパワー回路方式として，誘導性エ
ネルギー蓄積型 LTD を初めて提案し，実証実験を行なった。単一モジュールを用いた実
験では，開放スイッチ動作による出力電圧を確認し，回路効率を算出した。更に三段
LTD スタックを用いて電圧重畳の実証し，LTD としての有用性について検討した。  
第５章「Conclusions」（  結論）では，研究の主な結論をまとめた。  
よって、本論文は工学上及び工業上貢献するところが大きく、博士（工学）の学位論文
として十分な価値を有するものと認める。  
 
審査委員主査 江 偉華  印  
 


Fundamental Studies on Pulsed Power Generation by LTD Circuits

THAI, BAN PHUOC

1 
 
様式Form 
論 文 内 容 の 要 旨 
Abstract of Dissertation 
 
氏 名Name THAI VAN PHUOC 
In this study, the author experimentally investigated the transfer and interaction of charged 
particles from an alternating current glow discharge on the liquids and the ability of this 
process to synthesize noble metal nanoparticles. The mechanism of the interaction and 
transfer of species from the plasma on liquids has been studied. These works are based on the 
investigation only on each species or charged particle at the plasma-liquid interface. To 
understand the synthesize noble metal nanoparticles, the effect of the oppositely charged 
particles should be confirmed alternate impact and synthesize it on a liquid.   
To achieve these goals, we have investigated using an experimental apparatus that generate 
AC glow discharge on liquids. The change of the chemical compositions in the liquids was 
observed to study the effect of AC glow discharge on the liquid. The process was monitored 
via the measurement of pH and electrical conductivity. The results showed that AC glow 
discharge acidifies the solutions of neutral or base, and alkalizes the solutions of nitrate salt. 
The results indicated that AC glow discharge alternately generates both positive ions and free 
electrons. The interaction of positive ions from AC glow discharge with water molecules 
leads to the generation of OH radicals and hydronium cation H3O+. Free electrons from AC 
glow discharge transfer and absorb into the liquid to form solvated electrons. 
The ability in the nano-synthesis of AC glow discharge was also investigated. The results 
showed that gold and silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by AC glow 
discharge on the precursor solution. The process of the nano-synthesis by AC glow discharge 
is based on the reduction reactions between solvated electrons and metallic ions. The results 
also indicated that the pH value in the precursor solutions affects the morphology of gold 
nanoparticles. At a low pH level, solvated electrons are captured by the available of H3O+ 
instead of reacting with metallic ions, and hence results in a small the size of gold 
nanoparticles. At a high pH level, there is the change in the form of gold ions and therefore 
leads to a decrease in the redox potential of the reaction eaq and gold ions. 
The synthesis of platinum and copper nanoparticles by AC glow discharge was also 
monitored. The results showed that it is possible to synthesize platinum nanoparticles in 
small yield. Meanwhile, there were not copper nanoparticles synthesized during the 
discharge. Solvated electrons play the main role in reducing species to reduce these ions to 
neutral atoms. In contrast, OH radicals oxidize copper ions and platinum ions back to a 
higher oxidized value. The role of redox potential E0 in the synthesis of noble nanoparticles 
2 
 
was also clarified. At low redox potential, the reaction of eaq and metal ions occurs at a low 
equilibrium constant. The concentration of neutral atoms generated hence is not enough to 
reach a supersaturation for the nucleation process. In contrast, the neutral atoms generated in 
the reaction at high equilibrium constant are sufficient for the existence of the process of 
nucleation and subsequent growth.  
Our findings broaden new understandings of the plasma-liquid interactions. The results 
indicate that it is possible to use AC glow discharge to synthesize silver, gold nanoparticles. 
This also suggests a new way to control the morphology of noble nanoparticles via the 
control of the frequency of the AC power supply. It is an advantage in the nanofabrication 
because no substance needs to add to the precursor. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


Study on the transfer and interaction of charged particles using AC glow discharge on liquids toward noble nanoparticle synthesis

田中, 勝子

1 
様式Form 
論 文 内 容 の 要 旨 
Abstract of Dissertation 
 
氏 名Name 田 中 （中 平） 勝 子  
 
本研究は，技能教育の一つとして捉えられる認知―行動間の関係付けを行いやすいピア
ノレッスンに着目した．関連技能獲得を行うための指導・自主練習に対し，技能獲得状態
の可視化を取り入れることで技能獲得教育を工学的視点で効果的に行うための手法をまと
めた．  
技能獲得状態の可視化が可能となった背景には，近年の情報技術の進展による視行動を
はじめとした人の行動計測が容易になったこと，ピアノをはじめとする技能教育にも情報
技術を取りれる傾向が強く，それに関して教育形態そのものを分析的視点で捉える動きが
盛んになってきたことが挙げられる．これらの背景については2章に総括した．  
3章では，研究を行うにあたり，まず，ピアノレッスンを次の2形態に分類し，その特徴
や課題を抽出した．一つは初等教育養成機関や保育者養成機関で実施されるような，100
人規模の学習者に対し，主として免状取得や就職後の職能のための最低限のピアノ演奏／
弾き歌い教育を施すためのマス授業と呼ばれるもの，一つは個人教室や音楽専門学校 /大
学における音楽専攻で実施されるような，指導者と学習者が1対1で行う個別レッスンと呼
ばれるものである．次に，それぞれのレッスンに対し，認知行動科学的視点にもとづき，
ピアノ弾き歌いに対する技能関連要素連関図，およびピアノ演奏に対する演奏技能獲得過
程を構築した．技能関連要素連関図からは，指導に対する効果的な要素として学習者の演
奏風景映像・模範演奏の呈示・注釈付き楽譜が有益であると推定した．演奏技能獲得過程
からは，学習者の内面的な演奏技能獲得状態を視行動で計測することが有益であると推定
した．それぞれのレッスン形態に対して現状分析を行い，次の課題を抽出した．マス授業
ではレッスン時間が短いことや，学習者が元来持つ関連技能に個人差があるため，学習者
の基礎能力の底上げを行うには質の高い自主練習の実施が課題であった．個別レッスンで
は学習者に内在する技能獲得状態の把握を客観的視点で行うことが困難であった．  
3章を踏まえ，マス授業に対する課題は，獲得した技能の表出化，個人レッスンに対す
る課題は獲得した技能の内面化であると分析し，それぞれに対する課題解決法を4章で構
築し，教育実践現場にてその効果を確認した．  
技能の表出化を実現することで，質の高い自主練習による獲得技能の精度向上が期待さ
れるため，それを促す要素として，（1）練習風景映像提出，（2）模範演奏の呈示・閲覧，
（3）（2）に対するレポート提出，を採用し，これらを取り入れた教育デザインを構築し
た．構築した教育デザインに対し，（a）演奏映像提出時のベネフィット（演奏映像提出に
対する得点加算の有無）と学習者の到達技能の関係，（b）模範演奏視聴の有無，（c）模範
演奏視聴後の観察記録レポート提出の有無，の3点を調査項目として，教育実践によって
教育デザインの有用性を評価した．（a）に対しては加点しないほうが学習者の自主性を重
んじることができ，（b）については視聴させた方がよく，（c）については観察記録レポー
2 
トを提出させた方が，学習者は観察時の視点を意識しながら自主練習できることがわかっ
た．  
獲得した技能の内面化については，指導者による学習者の技能獲得状態把握の客観性が
重要である．そこで，楽譜を認知する行為としての読譜に着目し，学習者の持つ技能獲得
状況と関係付け，読譜時視行動を，正接読譜特性図，および情報獲得範囲（AIA）・情報
獲得時間（τC）という指標で表現した．正接読譜特性図は，1曲あたりの楽譜を読む時の
読み戻り・読み進み，大譜表の上下移動・水平移動状態を総合的に極座標表現したもので
ある．その特徴は，x軸正方向に伸びていれば円滑に読譜が進み，その楽曲を演奏する能
力を十分有し，y軸方向に伸びていれば円滑に読譜が進まず，その楽曲を演奏する能力が
不十分であることを示している．AIAおよびτCは，各停留点を構成する固視点群の水平方
向の広がりと停留点に滞在した経過時間を示したものである．本研究では，AIA／τCそれ
ぞれの中央値を算出し，楽譜難易度ごとのAIA／τCの変化と，学習者の演奏実技試験の結
果から，学習者の読譜能力と演奏技能に一定の関係があることを見出した．  
以上を踏まえ，5章では，演奏関連技能の内面化・表出化それぞれに対する学習者の技
能獲得状況の可視化に対して，個人レッスン・マス授業それぞれにどのような効果がある
かについて議論を行った．内面化に対する可視化情報である正接読譜特性図・AIA／τCに
ついては，主として個人レッスンに対して有益であるが，AIA／τCの自動算出機能を実装
することでマス授業に対しても有益な情報となりうる．表出化に対する可視化情報である
映像撮影提出・模範演奏閲覧については，主としてマス授業に対対して有益であるが，教
育デザインに従って活用することで，学習者自身の自主練習の質改善につながることを示
した．総括すると，本研究で示した可視化手法は，個人レッスンもしくはマス授業いづれ
に対しても有用であるといえる．  
  


ピアノレッスンにおける効果的な関連技能獲得に向けた技能獲得状態可視化に関する研究

DARANAGAMA, ARACHCHIGE NAYANI DHANUSHKA DARANAGAMA

Study on gene regulation of protease in filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei

MERENCHIGE, CHATHURA KOVIDA DE SILVA

1 
様式Form 
論 文 内 容 の 要 旨 
Abstract of Dissertation 
 
氏 名Name Merenchige 
Chathura Kovida 
De Silva 
 
With the growth of online retailing, logistics and supply chain systems had undergone a 
significant change. The contemporary research focused more on the mobility aspect and 
direct impacts of these dynamics, including the locations of last-mile delivery systems and 
logistics facilities. However, a lip service had paid on the first-mile logistics facilities and 
their locations. In that context, this research investigates the location and spatial 
organization of these logistics facilities. This study performs a multi spatial scale analysis 
with particular reference to Amazon company who pioneered the fulfillment logistics while 
Tokyo Metropolitan region as the geographical focus. Firstly (1), the spatial organization 
of Amazon logistics facility in the UK and Japan is studied. The results indicate the variation 
of spatial organization patterns with the settlement form and accessibility to transport 
infrastructure, especially for expressway interchanges. Secondly, (2) investigate how the 
spatial pattern of e-commerce logistics varies on a firm with different products and business 
focus. The firms include pure online retailers, Third-Party Logistics Firms in fulfillment 
sectors, and omnichannel retailers in the Tokyo Metropolitan region. The empirical analysis 
revealed the different patterns of spatial organization between the chosen firms. Thirdly (3), 
neighborhoods of all large-sized (over 100,000 sq. ft.) Amazon logistics facilities worldwide. 
The results indicate how the number and type of facilities vary by the urban form at the 
National scale. The analysis at the neighborhood scale analyzed the spatial patterns of 
clustering and infill development at dense locations associate with Amazon facility locations. 
Fourthly (4), develop a location choice model to demonstrate the variations in location 
choice between different firms related to e-commerce logistics facilities. This multinomial 
logit model incorporates a range of variables representing firm attributes, accessibility, 
zonal, and land characteristics. A new accessibility measure by constraining the typical 
market representation is introduced to represent the attractiveness of different locations e-
commerce logistics facilities, that are serving national and regional markets. The analysis 
reveals the relationship between the location choice of pure e-tailers with the multiple 
variables, including the accessibility level of each location to potential e-commerce markets, 
the existing socio-economic trends, and patterns distribution and trends associated with the 
transport sector establishments. The location model for the omnichannel store location 
affirms the differences conditions that influence the location selection of omnichannel store 
locations. The core knowledge contributions of this study are as follows: Firstly, to the 
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knowledge of the geography of logistics facilities by emphasizing e-commerce logistics 
facility locations. Although e-commerce, as seen as a driving force of changing geographies 
of logistics facilities, the geography and spatial organization of these facility types, had not 
been studied so far. Secondly, the specific case study of Amazon contributes to expanding the 
scope of research focused on e-commerce companies and their strategies, which also include 
the logistics strategies. Thirdly this study contributes to the existing location choice models 
developed for logistics facilities by introducing new variables to incorporate the e-commerce 
logistics dimension.   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


Exploratory Spatial Analysis of the Distribution of E-commerce Logistics Facilities

NGUYEN, THANH DONG

1 
様式Form 
論 文 内 容 の 要 旨 
Abstract of Dissertation 
 
氏 名Name NGUYEN THANH DONG 
 
Nanotechnology, semiconductor manufacturing, and ultra-precision technology are increasingly 
evolving and play crucial roles in industrial applications. With these requirements, positioning and 
measuring methods with resolutions down to sub-nm and even 10 pm order are essential to meet 
the requirements. In recent years, displacement-measuring heterodyne interferometers have 
become suitable for industrial applications because they have traceability to the standard definition 
of the meter if frequencies of light sources are stable and a high resolution and high noise immunity. 
Currently, it is not a simple task to measure a mechanical displacement of 10 pm or less owing 
to electronic and environmental noises in the interferometer. Such noises are generally from 
electronics devices, floor vibration, sound, airflow, thermomechanical drift, and other 
environmental fluctuations. The electronics and environmental noises introduce measurement 
uncertainties, which should be removed or minimized.  
The purpose of this work is to perform 10–20 pm-order mechanical displacement measurements 
using heterodyne interferometers, a proposed phase-locked loop (PLL), and piezoelectric (PZT) 
stages. Firstly, 20-pm-order mechanical step displacement measurements are performed and 
evaluated. The proposed PLL programmed on a personal computer (PC) is adopted. Secondly, 10-
pm-order mechanical displacement measurements are performed and discussed. Suitable noise 
reduction of the PLL can be attained using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) instead of a 
PC. To suppress the environmental noise, the interferometer combined with the PZT stage is located 
inside a vacuum chamber with enclosed layers. 
The thesis is written in the following seven chapters.  
Chapter 1. [Introduction]. This chapter introduces background research, including some optical 
displacement measurement methods that have the capability of sub-nm- and pm-order displacement 
measurement.  
Chapter 2.  [Displacement-measuring heterodyne interferometry]. This chapter gives a description 
of a basic heterodyne interferometer. The principle of conventional phase meters for heterodyne 
interferometry is also introduced. 
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Chapter 3. [Single PLL with its instrumentations on a PC and FPGA]. The chapter describes the 
proposed phase detection method, which is based on a single PLL. The instrumentation of the PLL 
is depicted using a PC and FPGA. 
Chapter 4. [20-pm-order mechanical displacement measurements]. The setups, experiments, and 
results are discussed in this chapter. The results show that the measurement system demonstrates 
the motions and measurements of mechanical step displacements of 19 pm and a displacement 
noise floor of 1.1 pm/ÖHz above 1 Hz in normal air. 
Chapter 5. [10-pm-order mechanical displacement measurements]. The chapter focuses on the 
improvement of pm-order mechanical displacement measurements by improving the noise 
reduction algorithms for the phase meter with the FPGA and the utilization of vacuum. The results 
show that the system can measure mechanical step displacements of 11 pm in air and vacuum and 
provide a noise level of 0.2 pm/ÖHz between 50 Hz and 100 Hz in vacuum. 
Chapter 6. [Future works]. The chapter introduces a non-mechanical-displacement-measuring 
heterodyne interferometer using a tunable laser diode. The setup is free of hysteresis (one of the 
cyclic errors), and its periodic nonlinearity (the other cyclic error) can be estimated effectively. 
Chapter 7. [Overall conclusions]. A general view of my research work and some conclusions are 
presented. 


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