Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
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Utilization of Aloe Vera Extract as A Natural Coagulant and its Effect on The Characteristics of IRR 118 Clone Rubber
Full text linkRubber is one of the plantation products as a foreign exchange earner for the country. The process of processing rubber requires coagulants to accelerate coagulation. Aloe vera is a plant that contains compounds of organic acids, is expected to be able to accelerate the coagulation process. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the use of natural coagulants of aloe vera extract on the characteristics of IRR 118 clone rubber. The variations of the extracts used are natural coagulant extracts of aloe centrifugation and no centrifugation and the chemical coagulant format acid 3% as a comparison. Centrifugation of natural coagulant extract of aloe vera is carried out at a speed of 3000 rpm for 1 hour. The characterization of rubber analyzed was DRC (Dry Rubber Content), Po (Initial Plasticity), PRI (Plasticity Retention Index), ash content, evaporating substance content, mooney viscosity, dirt content, and nitrogen content.From the results of the study, it was obtained that the percentage of DRC, Po, PRI, and Mooney Viscosity was highest in AV natural coagulants without centrifugation, namely 28%, 36%, 80%, and 80%. The lowest percentage of ash, dirt and nitrogen content in natural coagulants of AV centrifugation was 0.38%, 0.014%, and 0.36%.Aloe vera natural coagulants without centrifugation and centrifuged ones can be used as coagulants for the latex coagulation process because they have met all the requirements of SNI SIR 20 and can be used as natural coagulants
Precipitation Synthesis of CeO2 Nanopowder Pigment
No full textNanopowder pigments of CeO2 and CeO2:Fe were synthesized by precipitation method at a moderate calcination temperature of 500oC. The pigments exhibited pale yellow for CeO2 nanopowder and brick red for CeO2:Fe nanopowder. Both pigments possessed mesoporous and cubic fluorite structures of CeO2. The incorporation of Fe into CeO2 reduced crystallite size and increased surface area. Moreover, it widens bandgap energy and significantly improved the absorption property of CeO2 nanopowder
Reduction of Turbidity, Color Intensity and COD of Jumputan Wastewater with Electrocogulation Method
Full text linkThe purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the electrocoagulation method in reducing turbidity, color concentration and COD levels on Jumputan wastewater treatment. The electrodes used are aluminum plates as anode and cathode. The variations of the research used were the speed of agitation and the system used (batch and intermittent system). The fixed variable used is a voltage of 3.5 volts, the 2 aluminium electrodes, and 250 ml volume of Jumputan wastewater. The results showed that the maximum turbidity degraded to 99.89% for the batch system at a contact time of 150 minutes with agitation speed of 150 rpm, and 99.97% for intermittent system at a contact time of 60 minutes with agitation speed of 150 rpm. The maximum percentage of color removal reached 58.90% for the batch system at a contact time of 90 minutes with a stirring speed of 50 rpm, and 54.74% for intermittent system at a contact time of 150 minutes with a stirring speed of 150 rpm. The electrocoagulation method could reduce 78.75% of the COD level for the batch system is and 80% for the intermittent system. The intermittent system slightly had more effect on the turbidity, color and COD reduction compared to batch system. Both batch and intermittent system got optimum turbidity and color removal on first 30 minutes of electrocoagulation process. The results prove that electrocoagulation method has been effective as an alternative to reduce COD and turbidity on Jumputan wastewater
Microencapsulation of Fermented Red Palm Oil with L. casei as Nutracetical Source
Full text linkRed Palm Oil (RPO) is the result of refining from Crude Palm Oil (CPO) which still maintains a high level of phytonutrients that are beneficial for health. The benefits of RPO can be used as a nutraceutical source, because RPO acts as a provitamin A and vitamin E. The addition of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) in a product functions as a probiotic with metabolite activity that can inhibit pathogenic microorganism thereby increasing the durability of a product. The addition of LAB to RPO is expected to increase the nutraceutical value by adding probiotic properties to RPO products. Microencapsulation technology can protect the bioactive content of essential oils against unwanted chemical interactions with other components and provide increased stability during processing. This research is expected to be able to provide information about the potential raw material of fermented RPO as a nutraceutical source by showing the profile of RPO before and after the fermentation process, chemical and physical properties of the microencapsulant. The microencapsulation technique used is the extrusion method. Fermentation of the bioactive compound ingredients in RPO using L. casei has a significant effect. RPO after fermentation using L. casei (Red-PalmZym) produces major compounds in the form of 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (E)- Fermentation of RPO with L. casei increases the components of chemical compounds contained therein. The stability of the RPO microencapsulated before fermentation provided an effective protection against oxidative damage to the oil and proved that the microencapsulation process can reduce the level of damage to the oil
Synthesis of Renewable Diesel from Pure Plant Oil of Kapuk (Ceiba pentandra) Seed Using NiMo/-Al2O3 Catalysts
Full text linkCeiba pentandra (Kapok) is a tropical plant belonging to the Malvales that contain palm oil. Naturally, Pure Plant Oil (PPO) can be used as a renewable energy source that is a promising energy alternative instead of fossil. Somehow, one of the effects of the quality of Pure Plant Oil (PPO) is the presence of unsaturated bonds and the presence of oxygen. The most appropriate method to overcome these problems is hydrodeoxygenation using a batch system autoclave reactor. In the present work, we synthesized of Green Diesel using hydrodeoxygenation and NiMo/-Al2O3 catalyst to saturate double bonds and remove oxygen. The yield of pure plant oil was 42.77-74.72% while the yield of green diesel at pressure conditions of 30 and 50 bar and at temperatures of 300, 350 and 400C produced 76.73 94.06%. Then, the best condition for the hydrodeoxygenation reaction for the biggest yield is at a pressure of 50 bar at 350C. The results of the characterization of gas products using GC-TCD showed the composition of gases H2, O2, CO, CH4, and CO2. Whereas for green diesel liquid products, pure plant oil, and kapok seed oil were analyzed using GC-MS obtained hydrocarbon compounds with interval C10-C20. Quality analysis of kapok seed oil, pure plant oil, and green diesel has been in accordance with quality standards except for FFA and viscosity
Effect of Acid Concentration on the Properties of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Pineapple Crown Leaf
Full text linkMicrocrystalline cellulose was first extracted from pineapple crown leaf waste which is used very rarely as an alternative material from agricultural residue and then characterized. Microcrystalline cellulose was extracted from this waste through acid hydrolysis with various concentrations. The effect of acidconcentrations with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) on microcrystalline cellulose properties was investigated to determine its potential application as a material. Pineapple crown leaf was hydrolyzed for 2 hours at 45 along with various sulfuric acid concentrations (1, 2, and 3 M). The properties of the cellulose were evaluated by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Among all the hydrolysis conditions carried out, the best hydrolysis condition was 3 M sulfuric acid. At this hydrolysis condition, the microcrystalline cellulose presented a rod-like shape, high crystallinity at 83.16%, and have average crystal size of 17.99 nm. The functional group and morphology analysis showed that the resulted product is maintained cellulose I structure and removal of non-cellulosic constituents and the chemical compositions. As for the thermal analysis, the temperature decreased from 177 (2 M sulfuric acid) to 149 (3 M sulfuric acid) because of the incorporation of sulfate groups after the hydrolysis process. Therefore, microcrystalline cellulose obtained from pineapple crown leaf waste has great potential as reinforcement in the manufacture of composites
Characterization and Application of HCl-Activated LTA Zeolite from Lampung Natural Zeolite (LNZ) for Bioethanol Purification
Full text linkLynde Type-A (LTA) zeolite as being molecular sieve and hydrophilic zeolite is used to dehydrate water in the purification of bioethanol. LTA zeolite from LNZ has a small surface area of 29,62 m2/g. Adding HCl activators to LTA Zeolite from LNZ was carried out to increase the surface area of LTA zeolite. The activation of LTA zeolite was carried through in a closed erlemeyer with various HCl concentration: 10% w/w, 15 % w/w, and 20% w/w and the ratio acid/LTA zeolite was 10 ml: 1 gram. The XRD analysis showed that the structure of LTA zeolite activated does not change despite the process of activation, and the highest percentage of crystallinity was obtained at 68.25% wt by concentration of HCl at 20 % w/w. The result of XRF analysis showed that the highest of impurity removal and the highest of decreasing ratio of Si/Al was in the LTA zeolite activated by HCl 20% w/w. The result of BET analysis showed the largest surface area at 45.67 m2/g obtained by adding 10% w/w of HCl activator, which was 45.67 m2/g, and the size of zeolites pore volume was 0.027 cc/g. The result performance of LTA zeolite activated obtained the highest purity of bioethanol by 99.74 % v/v at HCl concentration 20% w/w
Bioremediation Greywater using Vermifilter
No full textVermifilter is a greywater waste treatment by utilizing the symbiosis of earthworms with microbes. Vermifilter is more efficient, simple in design, and easy to maintain. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of vermibed material on the concentration of BOD5, NH3-N, and DO in greywater waste treatment using vermifilter. The study used four vermifilter reactors (VF) with filtration media for gravel, coconut fiber, rough sand, and vermibed. Reactor VF1 uses a vermibed mixture of mustard greens and cabbage, VF2 sawdust, VF3 banana stalk, and VF4 cow dung. This study provides results that VF1 removal BOD5 90%, NH3-N 98%, and increase DO 164%; FV2 removal BOD5 92%, NH3-N 98%, and increase DO 185%; FV3 removal BOD5 94.5% NH3-N 98.5%, and increased DO 156%; and FV4 decreased BOD5 93%, NH3-N 99%, and increased DO 270%. The media material had no significant effect on the concentration of BOD, NH3-N, and DO
Distribution pattern of Pb and Zn contamination in rivers near industrial zone in Aceh, Indonesia, revealed by principal component analysis (PCA)
Full text linkThe research aims to evaluate the pollution of Pb and Zn in water, sediment, and Faunus ater samples collected from Krueng Balee (KB) and Kreung Reuleung (KR) Rivers, Aceh, Indonesia. The samples were collected at the upstream, midstream, and downstream of each river and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The distribution of Pb and Zn pollution was analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Our investigation revealed that the presence of Pb and Zn is still safe for water and sediment samples. Nevertheless, Pb and Zn contamination found in F. ater samples had exceeded the national safety limit for food. PCA analysis revealed correlations between samples suggesting the roles of physical and chemical properties of the river in the pollutant retainment. The analysis also indicated the possible antagonism between Pb and Zn accumulation in F. ater which has never been reported previously. We suggest routine monitoring of Pb and Zn concentrations. The role of the surrounding industry in the Pb and Zn pollution should be further studied
Adsorption Of Cr(VI) Ions Using Sugar Palm Fruit Peel (Arenga Pinnata) Immobilized in Ca-Alginate Bead
Full text linkphysiological or metabolic processes that can cause cancer in humans. Adsorption is one of the method that is quite effective for removing Cr(VI) in waters because this method uses low cost with good efficiency. Sugar palm fruit peel waste can be used as an adsorbent because it contains active compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats that can play a role in the absorption of metal ions. This sugar palm peel waste will be immobilized using a Ca-alginate medium to increase the absorption of mechanical forces in the adsorption process. The sugar palm fruit peel was activated using 4% NaOH, which was then immobilized by Ca-alginate. The adsorbent was tested to determine its functional group using FTIR and using SEM EDX to see the surface morphology and the elements present in the adsorbent. The results showed that the optimum absorption of metal ions Cr(VI) using Ca-alginate immobilized palm peel as adsorbent at optimum pH 2 with an efficiency of 63% and adsorption capacity of 0.35396 mg/g, the optimum contact time was 75 minutes with an efficiency of 73, 83% and adsorption capacity of 0.41314 mg/g and the optimum concentration at 150 ppm with adsorption capacity of 13.15185 mg/