Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan
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Pengaruh Nozzle Terhadap Aspek Hidrodinamika Kinerja Kolom Gelembung Pancaran
Get PDFKolom gelembung pancaran merupakan salah satu alat perpindahan massa antara fasa gas dan cair. Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk mempelajari pengaruh nozzle terhadap aspek hidrodinamika antara lain: kedalaman penetrasi gelembung (Z), holdup gas (eg), dan laju alir volumetrik gas entrainment (Ql) yang terjadi dalam kolom gelembung pancaran. Variabel proses yang dipelajari antara lain laju alir volumetrik cairan (10-50 L/menit), ukuran diameter nozzle (0,008-0,0127 m), dan tinggi nozzle (0,125-0,25 m). Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa ukuran diameter nozzle semakin kecil dan laju alir volumetrik cairan yang semakin besar menghasikan laju alir volumetrik gas entrainment, holdup gas, dan kedalaman penetrasi gelembung yang semakin besar
Membran Polisulfon untuk Pengolahan Air: Dengan dan Tanpa Pra Perlakuan Koagulasi secara Ultrafiltrasi
Get PDFMembran polisulfon untuk pengolahan air telah dilakukan untuk mengurangi warna air dengan proses koagulasi dan tanpa proses koagulasi. Membran ultrafiltrasi polisulfone telah dikarakte-risasi dengan mengukur fluks, permeability (Lp), dan MWCO dengan bebagai variasi berat molekul dekstran. Morfologi membran diobservasi dengan scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Analisis SEM dilakukan terhadap permukaan membran dan penampang melintang membran. Proses koagulasi optimum dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat jar test, diperoleh kondisi optimum pada 50 ppm Al2(SO4)3 dan pH 7. Indeks warna rejeksi diperoleh dengan koagulasi adalah 85% dan tanpa koagulasi adalah 62%
A Comparative Study of Applying Active-Set and Interior Point Methods in MPC for Controlling Nonlinear pH Process
Get PDFA comparative study of Model Predictive Control (MPC) using active-set method and interior point methods is proposed as a control technique for highly non-linear pH process. The process is a strong acid-strong base system. A strong acid of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and a strong base of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with the presence of buffer solution sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) are used in a neutralization process flowing into reactor. The non-linear pH neutralization model governed in this process is presented by multi-linear models. Performance of both controllers is studied by evaluating its ability of set-point tracking and disturbance-rejection. Besides, the optimization time is compared between these two methods; both MPC shows the similar performance with no overshoot, offset, and oscillation. However, the conventional active-set method gives a shorter control action time for small scale optimization problem compared to MPC using IPM method for pH control
Komponen Kimia Asap Cair Hasil Pirolisis Limbah Padat Kelapa Sawit
Get PDFChemical components of liquid smoke which is produced via pyrolisis of palm oil solid waste have been analyzed by using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Solid waste consists of shell, empty fruit bunch, and palm fiber. Solid waste was obtained from palm oil manufactory in Tanjung Semantok, Aceh province. The objective of this research was to investigate the chemical components in liquid smoke obtained from various palm oil solid waste. Sample was pyrolyzed at 500C for 5 hours by using tube furnace reactor type 21100 which is equipped by thermolyne as temperature adjustment. The yield of pyrolysis from shell, empty fruit bunch and palm fiber are 52,02; 29,59; and 34,88%, respectively. The results showed that 27; 13 and 11 compounds of chemical were observed in liquid smoke obtained by pyrolysis of shell, empty fruit bunch, and palm fiber, respectively. Overall, acetic acid and phenol are the highest concentration of chemical obtained in this research
Kombinasi Proses Koagulasi dan Sistem Ultrafiltrasi dengan Membran Poliakrilonitril untuk Pemurnian Air Berwarna
Get PDFPenelitian pengolahan air berwarna berdasarkan proses koagulasi dan ultrafiltrasi dengan membran poliakrilonitril (PAN) telah dilakukan. Studi ini bertujuan untuk membuat dan mengevaluasi karakteristik membran PAN untuk aplikasi pada pengolahan air berwarna. Membran PAN berbentuk plat dibuat dengan melarutkan polimer PAN kedalam dimetilformamida (DMF). Konsentrasi PAN divariasikan pada 15, 20, dan 25 (% berat). Membran yang dihasilkan selanjutnya dikarakterisasi untuk parameter struktur morfologi dengan scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluks dan rejeksi larutan menggunakan modul filtrasi tipe dead-end. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) membran menggunakan larutan dekstran dengan berat molekul 9500, 19500, dan 39000 Da. Hasil uji SEM menunjukkan bahwa membran mempunyai pori dengan struktur asimetrik. Uji ultrafiltrasi yang diawali dengan proses koagulasi dapat merejek warna air 92,5%, dengan perolehan fluks mencapai 364,8 ml/m2.s
Pengembangan Membran Magnesol untuk Pemurnian Biodiesel
Get PDFMagnesol membrane has been prepared by mixing chitosan polymer with magnesol particles via phase inversion method. The optimum compositions of adsorptive membranes were 3% chitosan, 15% DMF and 60% loading adsorbent. The porosity of these membranes was 34,17% and swelling degree was 51,91%. The membrane clean water flux was 224,4 Lm2h1 at a transmembrane pressure of 2.5 bar. The adsorptive membrane possesses an open and interconnected porous structure with a large surface area available for biodiesel purities adsorption. The results showed that after contacting in 60 minutes, numbers of acid value was reduced as 81,12% which is in accordance with value of SNI quality standards. In addition, the soap content adsorbed was 86,74% as potassium soap and 86,73% as sodium soap. The regenerated membrane can be reused with mantaining the high adsorption capacity. The methanol was better than ethanol to regenerate the magnesol membrane. The Magnesol membrane will be a new alternative method for biodiesel purification.Keywords: biodiesel, membrane adsorption, chitosan, magnesol, acid number, soa
Ekstraksi Oleoresin dari Limbah Penyulingan Pala Menggunakan Ultrasonik
Get PDFPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh ukuran partikel limbah penyulingan pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) dan suhu ekstraksi terhadap rendemen dan mutu oleoresin pala yang dihasilkan pada proses ekstraksi pelarut menggunakan bantuan ultrasonik. Etanol mutu teknis (technical grade) digunakan sebagai pelarut. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) Faktorial dengan ulangan sebagai kelompok yang terdiri dari ukuran partikel bahan (P) yaitu P1= 10 mesh, P2= 40 mesh dan P3= 60 mesh dan suhu ekstraksi (S) yaitu S1= 40oC, S2= 50oC dan S3= 60oC. Analisis oleoresin pala yang dilakukan meliputi analisis awal (kadar air dan kadar abu) dan analisis akhir (bobot jenis, indeks bias, dan sisa pelarut). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ukuran partikel dan suhu ekstraksi berpengaruh terhadap rendemen dan mutu oleoresin yang dihasilkan. Rendemen tertinggi sebesar 7,16% diperoleh pada ukuran partikel 10 mesh dan suhu 60oC. Hasil analisis bobot jenis oleoresin menunjukkan bahwa bobot jenis tertinggi yaitu 1,250 dihasilkan pada suhu ekstraksi 50oC. Sementara itu, hasil analisis indeks bias oleoresin menunjukkan bahwa ukuran partikel dan suhu ekstraksi memberikan pengaruh yang sangat nyata terhadap oleoresin pala dimana ukuran partikel 40 mesh pada suhu ekstraksi 40oC dan 60oC serta ukuran partikel 60 mesh pada suhu 50oC memiliki nilai indeks bias yang lebih tinggi yaitu berkisar antara 1,476 hingga 1,480. Hasil analisis sisa pelarut juga menunjukkan bahwa ukuran partikel dan suhu ekstraksi berpengaruh terhadap tingginya sisa pelarut, dimana ukuran partikel 10 mesh mengandung sisa pelarut 0,229% dan suhu ekstraksi 40oC mengandung sisa pelarut 0,265%
Kajian Kinerja Penukar Panas Tipe Shell and Tube Satu Haluan dengan Pengontrolan Suhu Outlet
Get PDFKajian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kinerja penukar panas tipe shell and tube dengan pengaturan suhu outlet. Penukar panas yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah penukar panas tipe shell and tube dengan bahan bakar kerosen. Parameter kinerja yang dianalisis adalah konsumsi kerosen, suhu keluaran, koefisien perpindahan panas keseluruhan, laju perpindahan panas, number of heat transfer units (NTU), dan efektivitas. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa laju perpindahan panas dalam penukar panas berkisar dari 69,24 hingga 83,13 kW. Energi panas yang dihasilkan dalam eksperimen III lebih tinggi karena temperaturnya paling tinggi, ini berbeda dengan efektivitas dan NTU-nya karena masing-masing memiliki nilai terendah (0,77 dan 2,55). Perbedaan tekanan total yang terjadi dalam penukar panas tersebut adalah 366,8 Pa. Nilai ini jauh lebih kecil dibandingkan tekanan statik kipas yang dipakai yaitu 78 mm H2O
Pembuatan Papan Partikel (Particle Board) dari Tandan Kosong Sawit dengan Perekat Kulit Akasia dan Gambir
Get PDFThe need of wood as one of raw materials in furniture industry keeps increasing. One of efforts to reduce wood consumption is to develop research by creating composite design from material that contains sellulose to be particle board. Particle board is one of material alternatives that can be wood substitute. The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of natural-adhesive-mixture composition (acacia bark and gambier) with oil-palm-empty bunch toward mechanical property of particle board. Characterization of particle board was carried out by undertaking mechanical property testing (tensile strength and compressive strength) under wet and dry conditions. Composition variations of adhesive and oil-palm-empty bunch were 30:70; 40:60; 50:50; 60:40; 70:30. Making process of particle board is carried out by mixing oil-palm-empty bunch and adhesive with addition of 2% para-formaldehyde and water as much of 10%. Furthermore, the mixture is compressed by using Hot Press at temperature of 150oC and pressure of 10 kg/cm2 for 15 minutes. The research result indicates that the higher the adhesive composition (either adhesives of acacia bark or gambier), particle board resulted is better. In dry condition, values of the tensile strength of particle boards that have acacia bark adhesive and gambier adhesive have range of 84.2 - 104 Kgf/cm2 and 83.4 - 81.5 kg/cm2, respectively. Whereas, values of compressive strength of particle boards that have adhesives of acacia bark and gambier are in the range of 6.8 - 10.5 kg/cm2 and 6.3 - 9.3 kg/cm2, respectively. The values of tensile strength and compressive strength are obtained on compositions of adhesive: oil-palm-empty bunch 40:60, and they have fulfilled satandard of SNI 03-2105-1996. The values of tensile strength and compressive strength of particle board in wet condition, either adhesives of acacia bark or gambier, have not fulfilled standard of SNI 03-2105-1996.Keywords: empty-bunch-oil palm, acacia bark, gambier, particle board, tensile strengt
Pengolahan Limbah Cair Laundry Menggunakan Membran Selulosa Diasetat Berbasis Selulosa Pulp Kayu Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria)
Get PDFThe improvement of laundry activity brought a negative effect on the environment because laundry wastewater have a high content pollutants such as phosphate, surfactants, mineral, nitrogen, COD and other components, so the treatment is needed before being discharged into terristorial water. Laundry wastewater treatment has been conducted by membrane technology. Preparation of cellulose diacetate membranes with ultrafiltration process had be done by phase inversion using dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent. The filtration experiment showed that the highest membrane flux was 77,408 L/m2.h at TMP 3 bar. While the lowest flux at TMP 1 bar was 55.649 L/m2.h. Rejection of membrane ultrafiltration for parameters of COD, phosphate, and surfactant were 67%, 72%, and 63% respectively.Keywords: cellulose diacetate membranes, laundry wastewater, flux, rejectio