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THE EFFECT OF KESAMBI BARK EXTRACT ON MICE LYMPHOCYTE COUNT AND SPLEEN INDEX
Get PDFKesambi is a plant widely used by people of Timor Island. Flavonoid content of Kesambi is potential to be used as immunomodulators. This study aimed to study the effect of Kesambi bark extract on lymphocyte count and spleen index of male mice as an indicator of their immune responses. Research included identification of phytochemical compounds macerated from Kesambi bark, lymphocytes count and spleen index calculation. Mice injected with sheep erythrocytes were treated orally with three doses of Kesambi extract (0.113 mg/g BW, 0.491 mg/g BW, and 0.712 mg/g BW) for 10 days. Lymphocyte count using blood smear method was carried out on day 0, 5 and 10, while lymphocyte count using hematology analyzer and spleen index measurement were performed after mice sacrificed. Kesambi bark contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids. Treatment with Kesambi bark extract reduced mice lymphocyte count. Administration of 0.491 mg/gr BW dose reduced the mice lymphocytes count close to the number of lymphocytes in the negative control group. The spleen index of mice had no correlation with changes in the number of lymphocytes. This preliminary study shows a potential use of Kesambi bark extract as a natural immunosuppressant
THE EFFECT OF RED DRAGON FRUIT (HYLOCEREUS POLYRHIZUS) JUICE ON TOTAL CHOLESTEROL LEVEL IN WOMEN
Get PDFCholesterol is a component of fat/lipid substances in the form of free and esters with fatty acids. The excessive cholesterol in the blood can form deposits on the walls of blood vessels, causing atherosclerosis. Anthocyanins and tocotrienol compounds in red dragon fruit can suppress the formation of cholesterol in the body. The type of research used was an experiment with a pretest and posttest approach. The study used 1 dose of 2.86g/KgBW for 14 days. The samples used were the women members of PKK RT 04 RW 16 Mojosongo Surakarta totaling 18 people. The average total cholesterol level before treatment in this study was 237.28 mg/dl and after treatment 222.89 mg/dl. This study was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. It was known that the data were normally distributed (p>0.05), Paired t-test data obtained a significance result of 0. 012 (p<0.05). It can be concluded that Ho is rejected, which means that there is an effect of giving red dragon fruit juice (Hylocereus polyrhizus) on total cholesterol levels in women
THE REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF ORGANIC LOADING, PHOSPHATES AND DETERGENTS IN WASTEWATER OF CAR WASH SERVICE BY CONSTRUCTED WETLAND SYSTEM
Get PDFThe car wash wastewater has a proportion of detergent  and it can cause considerable impacts to pollute the environment and health if they are not processed in well. SSVF CW is one of  an alternative wastewater treatment, because it has the advantage such as wastewater flowing below the surface of the media so it  reduces the smell of wastewater. The objective of this study was to determine the  removal efficiency of reducing pollutants in the wastewater of treated car wash by Constructed Wetland and the influence of Chrysopogon zizanioides rhizosphere depth in supplying DO distribution. This experimental laboratory scale study used 2 PVC for reactor. Each pipe has 4 sampling points. The DO was measured from different depth, while the other parameters were from the effluent. The ratio of the media used was  1:3:2:4 from the top to the bottom. The SSVF CW system had high TSS removal efficiency of 94.74%, while the removal efficiency of COD, Detergent, and Phosphate was76.21%, 54.54%, 30.65%, respectively. DO distribution at a depth of 84 cm in both pipes increased even though the root zone was only 26.5 cm. Â
THE POTENTIAL OF MICRO-CHINESE MEDICINE OSMOTHERAPY USING NANOPARTICLES AS A TREATMENT FOR CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Get PDFThe kidneys are the most important to excretory organs because they have function to remove waste products from the body has metabolism. In the excretory system, the damage that could occur is the kidney has decreased until finally unable to perform its function properly which is called Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Chronic Kidney Disease caused by age, gender, and a history of diseases such as diabetes. One of the nanoparticle therapies that could be given to patients with chronic kidney disease is Micro-Chinese Medicine Osmotherapy. The purpose of this paper is to determine: 1) structure and how they work of the kidney and its relation to the urinary system, 2) causes and effects of chronic kidney disease on the urinary system, 3) mechanism of the urinary system in conditions of chronic kidney disease, and 4) mechanism and results of Micro-Chinese Medicine Osmotherapy. The research method used is a literature review from various sources which helps in reviewing the four focus of the study. Kidney is divided into three major parts, namely cortex, medulla, and renal pelvis. The excretory system has three stages, including filtration, reabsorption, and augmentation. Chronic kidney disease can be caused by age, where older age has a risk of developing CKD. Kidney disease can be divided into several stages, including normal, at risk of damage, kidneys are damaged, kidneys are not functioning properly and kidneys are no longer functioning or chronic kidney disease (CKD). The mechanism of action of Micro-Chinese Medicine Osmotherapy is divided based on its function, named as anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulation, and degradation. The results of treatment for kidney disease is Micro Medicine Osmotherapy could make all renal arteries of patients with chronic kidney disease widen and increase perfusion
THE EFFECT OF TAMARIND (TAMARINDUS INDICA) LEAF EXTRACT OINTMENT IN CONTROLLING THE GROWTH OF THE BACTERIA PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES THAT TRIGGERS ACNE
Get PDFTamarind (Tamarindus indica) is a versatile plant, findable in Indonesia (Java, Bali, North Sumatra, West Kalimantan, and South Sulawesi). The leaves are green to brown, round, 1-2.5 cm long and 4-8 mm wide, rounded tips, rounded base of blades, and flat edges. The content contained in tamarind leaves such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids is believed to inhibit Propionibacterium acnes activity. This study aims to determine the effect of tamarind leaf extract ointment in controlling the growth of the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes that triggers acne. This study applied a Completely Randomized Design with 96% ethanol maceration method. Propionibacterium acnes was evidenced by the inhibition zone formed. The diameter of the inhibition zone of the 25% ointment was 1.235 cm, the 30% concentration was 1.385 cm, the 35% concentration was 1,680 cm, and the ointment base was 0 cm. The ANOVA test showed a significant value of 0.000<0.05, so there was a significant difference between the inhibition zone and the 95% confidence level. The results of Post Hoc test were P<0.05, meaning that there was a significant difference between the bases with formulas 1, 2, and 3. Thus, tamarind leaf extract ointment had a strong inhibitory effect on Propionibacterium acnes
THE REDUCING OF ORGANIC LOADING AND PHOSPHATE (PO4) IN DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY CONSTRUCTED WETLAND SYSTEM USING CANNA INDICA AND CYPERUS ALTERNIFOLIUS
Get PDFThe domestic wastewater is mostly produced in settlement areas and usually directly discharged into the environment. Its high organic matter and nutrients will pollute the environment. As an alternative, one of the good wastewater treatment systems is the Sub Surface Flow Constructed Wetland. This system has some advantages such as easy implementation, low cost, and doesn’t need a large area. The aim of this study is to determine the efficiency of Canna indica and Cyperus alternifolius to reduce organic matter and phosphate. This study is an experimental study with two treatments (T1: SSF CW with Canna indica; T2: SSF CW with Cyperus alternifolius). The SSF CW system contains gravels those diameters are 3-5 cm, 1-3 cm, and <1 cm, as well as paddy soil as media with HRT of 3 days. The parameters measured included temperature, BOD, DO, PO4, and pH. Based on this study, it can be concluded that the higher removal efficiency of organic matter is shown by the CW SSF system with Cyperus alternifolius. It is 48,86% in T2 and 42,69% in T1. While the removal efficiency of phosphate in T1 and T2 are 65,70% and 67,21% respectively
ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND METAL RESISTANCE TESTING OF SOIL FUNGI (RHIZOSPHERE) FROM BANGKA TIN POST-MINING
Get PDFThe ecological impacts of tin mining activities in the Bangka island is the presence of heavy metal contamination that accumulated in the environment. One of the heavy metals that was often found in post-tin mining areas is lead (Pb). Mycoremediation is a method that can be used to reduce lead pollution in post-tin mining areas. This study aimedto isolate, resistance test and identify to Pb-resistant soil fungi (rhizosphere) in the post-tin area of Bangka. The research methods included isolation, test of fungal resistance to Pb metal (Control, 150ppm, 250ppm, 350ppm, 500ppm, 1,000ppm, 5,000ppm and 10,000ppm), macroscopic and microscopic identification. The results showed that 9 isolates tested, there were 6 isolates that were resistant to Pb up to the concentration of 5,000 ppm, namely isolates I1(Rhizoctonia), I2(Penicilllium sp1), I5(Papulaspora), I6(Penicillium sp2), I7(Penicillium sp3) and I9 (Sclerotium). Three isolates of soil fungus were not resistant to Pb up to a concentration of 5,000 ppm, namely isolates I4 (Sclerotium), I8(Microsporum), and I10(Cladosporium). All isolates did not grow anymore at a concentration of 10,000 ppm of Pb
CORRELATION BETWEEN ADHERENCE OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS USE AND BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL IN PATIENTS WITH ESRD UNDERGOING HEMODIALYSIS
Get PDFAntihypertensive therapy used in patients with End-Stage Renal Disease undergoing hemodialysis is objected to decrease mortality related to ESRD complications. Nonadherence to antihypertensive therapy can lead to uncontrolled blood pressure. This study aims to determine the level of adherence to antihypertensive drugs and its correlation to blood pressure control in ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis. It was an observational analytic study based on the cross-sectional method. Sixty  person subjects were involved using the quota sampling technique. The level of adherence was examined using the Modified Morisky Scale questionnaire. Blood pressure data were obtained from mean values of respectively pre, during, and post-hemodialysis blood pressure within four hemodialysis visitations. The data was examined bivariately using the Chi-square test with a 95% confidence interval. The results show most patients have high level of adherence to antihypertensive treatments (55%) yet have uncontrolled levels of blood pressure (95%). The Chi-square analysis found there is no significant relationship between the level of adherence to antihypertensive therapy and the average blood pressure level of ESRD patients who undergo hemodialysis (p-value 0,301). This finding suggests a consideration in monitoring the effectivity of hypertension management that adherence is not a single significant factor affecting the successfulness of medication
BIOECOLOGY OF GIANT FRESHWATER PRAWNS (MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGII) IN THE BILAH RIVER, LABUHANBATU DISTRICT, NORTH SUMATERA
Get PDFGiant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rossenbergii) were still been the favorite prawn catch of local fishermen in the Labuhanbatu district. This raises concerns for the survival of these animals. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study to obtain bioecological information on this giant freshwater, giant prawns in the Bilah river especially inform about condition the abundance based on gonad maturity levels, and the growth patterns of Giant freshwater prawns (M. rossenbergii). This study was conducted at 3 stations around the Bilah river. These stations were determined using a purposive sampling method. Furthermore, sampling was carried out using fishing nets. After that, the caught fish were analyzed to find out the Fulton’s condition factor, the abundance of prawns based on gonad maturity levels, and the growth patterns. The results of growth patterns analysis which calculate from the relationship of carapace length and body weight of M. rossenbergii caught were showed negative allometric category (b value 1.88 to 2.577). Meanwhile, the abundance of giant freshwater prawns based on gonad maturity levels for males and females were dominated by immature prawns (ranging from 46.15 to 54.65%)
DETECTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUNDS FROM THERMOPHILIC ACTINOMYCETES USING ONE STRAIN MANY COMPOUNDS (OSMAC) APPROACH
Get PDFActinomycetes are a group of filamentous bacteria with high biosynthetic potential that can produce secondary metabolites. Actinomycetes are known to produce secondary metabolites which are potential as antimicrobial, antitumor, and others. Actinomycetes can be found abundantly in diverse environments, including environments with extremely high temperatures such as hot springs, deserts, geothermal areas, and hydrothermal vents. They can survive in high temperatures due to their membrane lipids containing straight-chains and more saturated fatty acids that protect the membrane's fluidity to maintain membrane function. Thermophilic actinomycetes are potential producers of thermostable enzymes and bioactive compounds, which are important in the pharmaceutical, health, and industrial fields. Thermophilic actinomycetes are still less explored for novel metabolites and antimicrobial compounds due to the difficulty in isolation, maintenance, and preservation in pure culture. Novel bioactive compounds produced by actinomycetes are conventionally discovered by isolating potential strains and screening the compound bioactivity through various bioassays. A sequence-independent approach, termed the OSMAC (one strain many compounds), has been widely used in natural product research for activating cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) by modifying the growth conditions of a bacterial culture. This approach aims to optimize the number of secondary metabolites produced by one single microorganism. The application of the OSMAC method has been proven successful in revealing the biosynthetic potential of bacteria