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Optimal Coverage and Probabilistic Robust Path Planning for Nonholonomic Mobile Robots
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Design and synthesis of chiral hyperbranched polymers of cinchona squaramides and their application to asymmetric catalysis
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Unified Likelihood Ratio Estimation for High- to Zero-frequency N-grams
Get PDFLikelihood ratios (LRs), which are commonly used for probabilistic data processing, are often estimated based on the frequency counts of individual elements obtained from samples. In natural language rocessing, an element can be a continuous sequence of N items, called an N-gram, in which each item is a word, letter, etc. In this paper, we attempt to estimate LRs based on N-gram frequency information. A naive estimation approach that uses only N-gram frequencies is sensitive to low-frequency (rare) N-grams and not applicable to zero-frequency (unobserved) N-grams; these are known as the low- and zero-frequency problems, respectively. To address these problems, we propose a method for decomposing N-grams into item units and then applying their frequencies along with the original N-gram frequencies. Our method can obtain the estimates of unobserved N-grams by using the unit frequencies. Although using only unit frequencies ignores dependencies between items, our method takes advantage of the fact that certain items often co-occur in practice and therefore maintains their dependencies by using the relevant N-gram frequencies. We also introduce a regularization to achieve robust estimation for rare N-grams. Our experimental results demonstrate that our method is effective at solving both problems and can effectively control dependencies.journal articl
Development of experimental modal analysis method for structures with close modes and high damping characteristics
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Spatio-temporal variation assessment of zinc concentrations and loads and its source identification in rivers
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A Study on Informal Settlements Upgrading Approach with Viewpoint of Sustainable Community in Developing Country
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Development of Underlying Technology Heading Towards Implementation of Calcium-ion Rechargeable Batteries
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