31325 research outputs found
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A non-trivial problem
No full textIn this short article, I discuss the notion of (grammatical) triviality and argue that the source of (grammatical) unacceptability of trivial (i.e., tautological or contradictory) expressions does not have to be due to a separate Logicality module in the grammatical system. Instead, I argue that in order to be acceptable, a morpho-syntactically well-formed expression needs to make an informative meaning contribution in a particular context. Hearers will always try to assign an informative interpretation to a particular utterance. If that turns out to be impossible, an utterance will be judged unacceptable
Commonalities of expressives and predicates of personal taste
No full textThis paper compares expressives to other speaker-oriented expressions such as predicates of personal taste and compares some of the diagnostics that have been used to identify them. It shows that they share a surprising number of similarities, especially in questions
Extensive folding variability between homologous chromosomes in mammalian cells
No full textGenetic variation and 3D chromatin structure have major roles in gene regulation. Due to challenges in mapping chromatin conformation with haplotype-specific resolution, the effects of genetic sequence variation on 3D genome structure and gene expression imbalance remain understudied. Here, we applied Genome Architecture Mapping (GAM) to a hybrid mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) line with high density of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). GAM resolved haplotype-specific 3D genome structures with high sensitivity, revealing extensive allelic differences in chromatin compartments, topologically associating domains (TADs), long-range enhancer–promoter contacts, and CTCF loops. Architectural differences often coincide with allele-specific differences in gene expression, and with Polycomb occupancy. We show that histone genes are expressed with allelic imbalance in mESCs, and are involved in haplotype-specific chromatin contacts marked by H3K27me3. Conditional knockouts of Polycomb enzymatic subunits, Ezh2 or Ring1, show that one-third of ASE genes, including histone genes, is regulated through Polycomb repression. Our work reveals highly distinct 3D folding structures between homologous chromosomes, and highlights their intricate connections with allelic gene expression.Genome Architecture Mapping reveals extensive haplotype-specific chromatin structures. Allele-specific gene regulation is influenced by heterozygous genetic variation, haplotype-specific 3D genome structure and complex networks of chromatin regulation mechanisms. Genome Architecture Mapping (GAM) reveals extensive structural differences between homologous chromosomes in hybrid mouse embryonic stem cells. Allele-specific expression (ASE) imbalance is associated with Polycomb occupancy. Expression imbalance in the Hist1 cluster, containing 19 histone genes with expression imbalance, is associated with stronger long-range contacts in the most repressed allele. Conditional knockout or depletion of Polycomb subunits lead to ASE gene upregulation.HHS | National Institutes of Health (NIH)http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659EC | Seventh Framework Programme (FP7)http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100011102UKRI | Medical Research Council (MRC)http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000265Federation of European Biochemical Societies (FEBS)http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100012623Helmholtz-GemeinschaftMinistry of Culture and Science of the State of North Rhine-WestphaliaEC | NextGenerationEU (NGEU)http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100031478Peer Reviewe
Phonon-mediated renormalization of exciton energies and absorption spectra in polar semiconductors
No full textWe investigate the influence of vibrational screening on the excitonic and optical properties of solids based on first-principles electronic-structure calculations. We solve the Bethe–Salpeter equation–the state-of-the-art description of excitons–by explicitly accounting for phonon-assisted screening effects in the screened Coulomb interaction. We go beyond recently studied absorption onsets and account for screening effects on all excitonic states. In the examples of the polar semiconductors ZnS, MgO, and GaN, the exciton binding energies at the absorption onset are found to be renormalized by a few tens of meV. Similar effects are also found for higher-lying unbound electron–hole pairs, leading to red–shifts of the absorption peaks by up to 50 meV. Our analysis reveals that vibrational screening is dictated by long-range Fröhlich coupling involving polar longitudinal optical phonons, whereas the remaining vibrational degrees of freedom are negligible. Overall, by elucidating the influence of phonon screening on the excitonic states and absorption spectra of these selected ionic semiconductors, this study contributes to advancing the ab initio methodology and the fundamental understanding of exciton–phonon coupling in solids.Peer Reviewe
Effect of Chemical Additives on Maize Silage Fermentation and Aerobic Stability and on Preference and Short‐Term Intake by Goats
No full textThis study determined the effects of a mixture of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate (SBPS; 2 L/t fresh matter (FM)) and a formic acid‐based mixture (FASF; 3 L/t FM) on maize silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and short‐term feed intake by goats. Whole‐crop maize harvested at 280 g/kg dry matter (DM) was untreated (CON) or treated with SBPS or FASF and ensiled in 120‐L plastic silos for up to 356 days. At opening, FASF had the highest DM losses (7.4%) and ethanol concentrations (36.6 g/kg DM), whereas CON had the highest and SBPS the lowest contents of ethyl lactate (399 vs. 199 mg/kg DM) and ethyl acetate (499 vs. 59 mg/kg DM). After silo opening, silages were exposed to air for 6 days. Aerobic stability was 34 h longer in SBPS (152 h) than FASF (118 h) and substantially longer than in CON (65 h). The onset of aerobic deterioration was earlier in CON, evidenced by a strong increase in silage temperature (> 30°C) and pH > 5. When the silages were exposed to air for 6 days, preference expressed as DM intake/3 h was lowest in CON (223 g), followed by FASF (423 g) and SBPS (692 g). The decline in CON was caused by deteriorating sensory properties. The application of the SBPS mixture to maize harvested at lower DM concentrations than usual (< 30%) prevented undesirable DM losses. The addition suppressed yeasts and degradation processes and improved aerobic stability for up to 6 days. The SBPS‐treated silages remained palatable even after aerobic exposure and were more preferred.Peer Reviewe
Insights into the mechanism of nitrate salt-mediated MgCO3 formation†
No full textNitrate salt-mediated carbonation of MgO feedstocks has been extensively studied for CO2 absorption, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. This study investigates the nucleation and growth of magnesite (MgCO3) in the presence of nitrate salts (NaNO3 and KNO3) to resolve discrepancies in the carbonation mechanism. Using a simplified sample preparation method, we propose that nitrate salts catalyze MgCO3 formation by (i) lowering the activation energy for brucite (Mg(OH)2) dehydroxylation, (ii) stabilizing Mg2+–CO32− ion pairs in nanolayers of water, and (iii) acting as structural nucleation sites due to their crystallographic similarity to magnesite. In situ thermogravimetric analyses (TGA-DSC) reveal that the carbonation reaction initiates at ∼300 °C, with an exothermic nucleation peak at ∼311 °C, indicating that nitrate salts enhance the formation of stable carbonate intermediates. This revised mechanism, where magnesite nucleation occurs via water-mediated diffusion of carbonate ions and structural templating by nitrate salts, refines our understanding of MgCO3 crystallization and offer new insights for catalytic carbon mineralization.Research Council of Finland 10.13039/501100002341Peer Reviewe
Quantum electrometer for time-resolved material science at the atomic lattice scale
No full textThe detection of individual charges plays a crucial role in fundamental material science and the advancement of classical and quantum high-performance technologies that operate with low noise. However, resolving charges at the lattice scale in a time-resolved manner has not been achieved so far. Here, we present the development of an electrometer with 60 ns acquisition steps, leveraging on the spectroscopy of an optically-active spin defect embedded in a solid-state material with a non-linear Stark response. By applying our approach to diamond, a widely used platform for quantum technology applications, we can distinguish the distinct charge traps at the lattice scale, quantify their impact on transport dynamics and noise generation, analyze relevant material properties, and develop strategies for material optimization.Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Federal Ministry of Education and Research)501100002347Einstein Stiftung Berlin (Einstein Foundation Berlin)501100006188Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung (Alexander von Humboldt Foundation)100005156Peer Reviewe
Bestimmung der wesentlichen Eignung von Wirtschaftsstandorten zu überbetrieblichen umweltorientierten Beziehungen im Sinne einer Industrial Symbiosis
No full textDie weltweite Inanspruchnahme natürlicher Rohstoffe hat seit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts exponentiell zugenommen und wird voraussichtlich weiter steigen. Ein Ansatz zur Begrenzung des Rohstoffverbrauchs ist das Konzept der Industrial Symbiosis, das die Nutzung von Nebenprodukten zwischen unabhängigen Unternehmen untersucht. Zur weiteren Unterstützung der Etablierung bestand das Ziel der Forschungsarbeit darin, räumliche Standorttypen aus der internationalen Fallstudiengesamtheit der Industrial Symbiosis zu analysieren. Die Standorttypen dienen als Grundlage für die Entwicklung einer Methodik zur Vorabschätzung der Implementierungspotenziale von bestehenden Industrie- und Gewerbestandorten im Sinne einer Industrial Symbiosis. Der Ansatz zur Vorabschätzung der Implementierungspotenziale soll die Verbreitung einer Industrial Symbiosis unterstützen. Mithilfe einer systematischen Literaturanalyse konnten international 104 Fallstudien identifiziert werden. Diese wurden anhand von 15 Merkmalen aus verschiedenen thematisch-inhaltlichen Kategorien untersucht: (1) Raumnutzung, (2) Siedlungsstruktur, (3) räumliche Lage, (4) Unternehmen sowie (5) weitere standortbezogene Merkmale. Basierend auf der räumlichen Charakterisierung und Analyse der Fallstudien konnten insgesamt vier Standorttypen identifiziert werden, die sich überwiegend durch ihre Nutzungsstruktur voneinander unterscheiden. Die Standorttypen stellen Idealtypen dar, die in einem qualitativen Verfahren bestimmt wurden und jeweils durch unterschiedliche Voraussetzungen für eine Industrial Symbiosis gekennzeichnet sind.
Abschließend wurde die Methode des Standorttypen-Ansatzes exemplarisch auf 135 Industrie- und Gewerbestandorte im Land Berlin angewendet. Der Standorttypen-Ansatz trug dazu bei, in einem systematischen Verfahren die Implementierungspotenziale im Sinne einer Industrial Symbiosis zu bewerten.The global utilization of natural resources has increased exponentially since the mid-20th century and is expected to continue rising. One approach to limiting resource consumption is the concept of industrial symbiosis, which examines the use of by-products among independent companies. To further support its establishment, the goal of this research was to analyze spatial location types based on the international case study corpus of industrial symbiosis. These location types serve as the foundation for developing a methodology to preliminarily assess the implementation potential of existing industrial and commercial sites in the context of industrial symbiosis. The approach for preliminary assessment aims to promote the dissemination of industrial symbiosis. Through a systematic literature review, 104 international case studies were identified. These were analyzed based on 15 attributes across various thematic and content-related categories: (1) land use, (2) settlement structure, (3) spatial location, (4) businesses and (5) other site-related characteristics. Based on the spatial characterization and analysis of the case studies, a total of four location types were identified, which primarily differ in their use structure. These location types represent ideal types determined through a qualitative process and are characterized by differing prerequisites for industrial symbiosis. Finally, the location type method was exemplarily applied to 135 industrial and commercial sites in Berlin. The location type approach contributed to systematically assessing the implementation potential for industrial symbiosis at these sites
Tuu in the Oswin Köhler Archive
No full textThis article provides an overview of the documents of speakers of the Tuu languages in the Oswin Köhler Archive at Goethe University Frankfurt and is intended to serve as a starting point for further research. It describes the existing written language data, sound recordings, film recordings and photographs as well as the information contained in Oswin Köhler's research reports on the timing and contexts of their documentation
Toward Green Processing of Perovskite Solar Cells: Protic Ionic Liquids Enable Water‐ and Alcohol‐Based MAPbI3 Precursors Inks for Slot‐Die Coating
No full textHalide perovskite solar cells are approaching commercialization, with solution processing emerging as a key method for large‐scale production. This study introduces a significant advancement: using non‐toxic solvents like water and alcohol in perovskite precursor inks facilitated by the protic ionic liquid methylammonium propionate (MAP). MAP effectively dissolves perovskite precursors such as lead acetate and methylammonium iodide, enabling the first stable water‐based perovskite precursor ink suitable for one‐step slot‐die coating. This new ink formulation contrasts with conventional dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)‐based inks, as evidenced by in‐situ grazing incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS), which revealed an intermediate‐free liquid‐to‐solid transition. In‐situ mass spectrometry also showed that organic molecules evaporate during annealing, resulting in a crystalline perovskite phase. Optimization of the solvent mixture to H2O/IPA/MAP enabled successful slot‐die coating, yielding perovskite solar cells with an efficiency of up to 10%. This eco‐friendly ink reduces toxicity and environmental impact compared to DMF‐based inks, offering a longer shelf life and the possibility of using the ink in ambient conditions. This pioneering work represents the first report of a water‐based green ink formulation for one‐step thin film coating at room‐temperature conditions by slot‐die coating, highlighting its potential for sustainable commercial applications.Alianza SÉNECAVIPER Lab ProjectFundación Séneca 10.13039/100007801Helmholtz‐Gemeinschaft 10.13039/501100001656HORIZON EUROPE Reforming and enhancing the European Research and Innovation system 10.13039/100018707Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 10.13039/501100001659Peer Reviewe