31325 research outputs found
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On the importance of being clear about the level of analysis of interest: An illustration using the case of self‐compassion
No full textObjective: Theories about within‐person (WP) variation are often tested using between‐person (BP) research, despite the well‐established fact that results may not generalize across levels of analysis. One possible explanation is vague theories that do not specify which level of analysis is of interest. We illustrate such a case using the construct of self‐compassion. The factor structure at the BP level has been highly debated, although the theory is actually concerned with relationships at the WP level.
Method: Multilevel confirmatory factor analysis was applied to experience‐sampling data of self‐compassion ( N = 213, with n = 4052 measurement occasions). Results: At both levels of analysis, evidence for a two‐factor model was found. However, the factors were moderately related at the WP level ( r = 0.37, p < 0.001) but largely independent at the BP level ( r = 0.04, p = 0.696). Exploratory analyses revealed considerable heterogeneity in the WP relationship among individuals. Conclusion: We discuss how our results provide new impulses to move the debate around self‐compassion forward. Lastly, we outline how the WP level—which is of major interest for self‐compassion and other constructs in psychology—can guide the conceptualization and assessment to promote advancements of the theory and resulting applications.Peer Reviewe
Neural mechanism underlying preview effects and masked priming effects in visual word processing
No full textTwo classic experimental paradigms – masked repetition priming and the boundary paradigm – have played a pivotal role in understanding the process of visual word recognition. Traditionally, these paradigms have been employed by different communities of researchers, with their own long-standing research traditions. Nevertheless, a review of the literature suggests that the brain-electric correlates of word processing established with both paradigms may show interesting similarities, in particular with regard to the location, timing, and direction of N1 and N250 effects. However, as of yet, no direct comparison has been undertaken between the two paradigms. In the current study, we used combined eye-tracking/EEG to perform such a within-subject comparison using the same materials (single Chinese characters) as stimuli. To facilitate direct comparisons, we used a simplified version of the boundary paradigm – the single word boundary paradigm. Our results show the typical early repetition effects of N1 and N250 for both paradigms. However, repetition effects in N250 (i.e., a reduced negativity following identical-word primes/previews as compared to different-word primes/previews) were larger with the single word boundary paradigm than with masked priming. For N1 effects, repetition effects were similar across the two paradigms, showing a larger N1 after repetitions as compared to alternations. Therefore, the results indicate that at the neural level, a briefly presented and masked foveal prime produces qualitatively similar facilitatory effects on visual word recognition as a parafoveal preview before a single saccade, although such effects appear to be stronger in the latter case.Research Grants Council, University Grants Committeehttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002920German Academic Exchange ServicePeer Reviewe
Revealing agricultural land ownership concentration with cadastral and company network data
No full textIn many high-income countries, agricultural land is highly concentrated in a few hands, but detailed knowledge of ownership structures is limited. We examined land ownership structures and agricultural land concentration for the entire state of Brandenburg, Germany (1.3 million ha), using cadastral and company network data. Our aim was to characterise all landowners, analyse the degree of ownership concentration, and examine the role of the largest landowners in more detail. We found a high fragmentation of ownership among 185,000 different owners. Most of the land was owned by individuals not active in agriculture and only a third of the land was owned by farmers and other agricultural actors. Absentee ownership covered a quarter of the land. Ownership concentration was low to moderate in most regions and reached high levels in only a few areas. The largest owners were public institutions, private investors and nature protection institutions. Areas where public institutions owned a lot of land showed high concentrations, but also some areas where private landowners owned a lot of land. In summary, our analysis provides rare information on the concentration of agricultural land ownership in a large region. Such analysis facilitates better justification and design of policies that regulate agricultural land markets.Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschafthttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659Leibniz-Institut für Agrarentwicklung in Transformationsökonomien (IAMO) (3460)Peer Reviewe
Contingencies of localization in literary theory
No full textOpen Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (1034)Peer Reviewe
Preliminary results of explorative measurements
No full textRecent advancements in the field of acoustic stimulation have shown promising effects on the autonomic nervous system, influencing parameters such as heart rate [1] and cognitive performance [2]. In this study, we analyzed polygraphy data from patients with heart failure related central sleep apnea. We compared the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) during a baseline night with that during a night where acoustic stimulation was applied for 40 minutes before bedtime. Seven out of eight patients showed a significant reduction in AHI during the intervention night (p < 0.01). These preliminary findings suggest that further investigation in a more controlled environment is warranted.Peer Reviewe
Prompt Engineering zur Generierung von Sprachlerninhalten
No full textSpätestens seit der Veröffentlichung von ChatGPT sind generative Modelle ein integraler Bestandteil aktueller Innovationen. Durch die geschickte Kombination und Einbettung solcher Modelle können Tools entstehen, welche den Arbeitsalltag unterstützen. In diesem Beitrag werden generative Verfahren in den Bildungskontext überführt. Konkret wurde die Domäne des Sprachenlernens gewählt. Anhand des Szenarios eines Sprachlernkurses für Sprachlernanfänger*innen wird die Kombination generativer Modelle verdeutlicht, um die praktische Anwendung zu demonstrieren. Dazu wird das „Exploratory“ und „Confirmatory“ Prompt Engineering eingeführt, welches die Erstellung und Evaluation von Anfragen an sprachbasierte generative Modelle ermöglicht. Es werden Möglichkeiten zur Integration in Sprachlerntools erörtert, aber auch deren Eigenheiten und Grenzen. Darüber hinaus zeigt der Beitrag anhand einer Sequenzierungsstrategie, dass sprachbasierte generative Modelle nicht jede Instruktion befolgen und Alternativen notwendig sind.Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (1034)Peer Reviewe
Language exposure within peer and family contexts and bilingual reading profiles of German–Russian and German–Turkish adolescents in Germany
No full textAims and Objectives: While research has focused on effects of language exposure within the family, evidence for the role of the quality and quantity of language exposure within peer contexts for the acquisition of both majority language (ML) and heritage language (HL) skills is still limited. Against this background, the present contribution investigates the patterns in which language exposure within family and peer contexts relate to different bilingual reading outcomes of migrant adolescents. Design: The data used for this contribution provide a unique opportunity to fill in this research gap as it contains standardized reading assessments in the ML and HL as well as questionnaires on language exposure within peer and family contexts. Data and Analysis: Using multinomial regression models with a sample of n = 803 adolescents with German–Russian and German–Turkish language backgrounds, we investigate the role of adolescents’ bests friends’ language backgrounds and language skills as well as adolescents’ language use with parents for the prediction of different bilingual reading outcomes (i.e., skilled bilingual readers, skilled ML readers, skilled HL readers, and low-skilled bilingual readers). Findings: The results indicate that dual inclusion into best friendships with both monolingual German as well as HL peers might be a favorable friendship pattern as it is positively related to both the skilled bilingual reading and the skilled ML reading outcome. Furthermore, we observe a tendency that skilled bilingual readers benefit from having a high-skilled HL speaking best friend. In addition, HL use with parents is an important predictor for HL skills, but not a hindrance for high ML proficiency. Effects of the peer group predictors are rather small, nevertheless they add value for explaining bilingual language outcomes controlling for relevant predictors.Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung https://doi.org/10.13039/501100002347Peer Reviewe
Moderate physical activity and higher frequency are inversely associated with incidence of frailty in middle-aged and older population: a 4-year longitudinal study in Europe
No full textBackground: Global aging is leading to an increase in frailty patients, and physical activity (PA) may have an impact on frail in middle-aged and older population. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the frequency of different PA intensities and the incidence and prevalence of frailty in middle-aged and older adults based on the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Method: Self-reported questionnaires were used to obtain information on demographics and PA, and frailty was assessed using the SHARE Frailty Instrument (SHARE-FI). Cox regression and logistic regression models were used to explore the association between PA and frailty and stratified according to middle or old age. Results: Among 6315 baseline non-frail participants aged 44–96 years, 16.1% developed frailty over 4 years, with higher incidence and prevalence in women ( P < 0.05). Women accounting for 55.80% of the sample. The frequency of participants participating in sports decreased over 4 years ( P < 0.05). Compared with participants who engaged in PA more than once a week, participants who engaged in moderated PA less frequently had a higher risk of new-onset frailty (HR: 3.174–6.115), and participants who engaged in vigorous PA 1–3 times a month had a higher risk of new-onset frailty (HR: 1.335). Participation in low-frequency moderate PA and vigorous PA 1–3 times per month were positively associated with the prevalence of frailty ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: Physical activity frequency decreases with age in middle-aged and older adults. Those adults who engage in moderate PA more than once a week have a lower risk of incidence of frailty, compared to those with more sedentary life-styles. Additionally, women need to pay more attention to frailty management.Peer Reviewe
Two-fold proton coupled electron transfer of a Ta(v) aniline complex mediated by a redox active NNN pincer ligand†
No full textWe report the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactivity of an octahedral Ta( v ) aniline complex supported by an acridane-derived redox active NNN pincer ligand. The reversible binding of aniline to a Ta( v ) dichloride induces significant coordination-induced bond weakening (CIBW) of the aniline N–H bonds. This enables a rare two-fold hydrogen atom abstraction, resulting in a terminal imido complex and a two-electron oxidation of the NNN pincer ligand, all while maintaining the metal's oxidation state. The bond dissociation free energies (BDFEs) of the aniline and a transient radical amido complex are estimated through stoichiometric reactions with different hydrogen atom abstractors and donors, further supported by density functional theory calculations.Einstein Stiftung Berlin 10.13039/501100006188Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 10.13039/501100001659Fonds der Chemischen Industrie 10.13039/100018992Peer Reviewe
Can Law Students Replace Judges in Experiments of Judicial Decision-Making?
No full textExperimental research on judicial decision-making is hampered by the difficulty of recruiting judges as experimental participants. Can students be used in judges’ stead? Unfortunately, no—at least if the objective is to study legal reasoning. We ran the same high-context 2 × 2 factorial experiment of judicial decision-making focused on legal reasoning with 31 U.S. federal judges and 91 elite U.S. law students. We obtained diametrically opposed results. Judges’ decisions were strongly associated with one factor (sympathy, i.e., bias) but not the other (law). For students, it was the other way around. Equality between the two groups is strongly rejected. Equality of document-view patterns—a proxy for thought processes—and written reasons is also strongly rejected.Peer Reviewe