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Entre macropolíticas institucionales y micropolíticas de los actores
Get PDFLa enseñanza, investigación y producción en varias lenguas en el nivel universitario se desarrolla a menudo en un espacio inestable determinado por la relación entre las políticas lingüísticas institucionales y las acciones de micropolítica lingüística. Para construir una política lingüística universitaria informada y contextualizada hay que tener en cuenta la glotopolítica de los actores académicos. El Centro de Lenguas Extranjeras de la Universidad de la República de Uruguay lleva a cabo un intenso trabajo de consolidación de los Estudios de Lenguas y analiza desde 2016 aspectos de la política lingüística para saber en qué lenguas se investiga y se publica en el ámbito académico. En su primera etapa se estudió la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Eduación. Presentaremos los avances de la segunda etapa de la línea Lenguas y producción de conocimiento, que procura estudiar las relaciones entre el acervo lingüístico de la universidad, los repertorios lingüísticos de actores universitarios y la producción de conocimiento en la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, con la misma metodología de corte cualitativo, complementada con datos obtenidos mediante instrumentos cuantitativos. Las técnicas e instrumentos de recolección de datos comprenden: revisión de documentos oficiales sobre políticas lingüísticas universitarias, relevamiento de bibliografías por carreras para analizar la presencia o ausencia de obras en lenguas extranjeras, entrevistas semi-dirigidas a autoridades, docentes y estudiantes. Desde una perspectiva interpretativista, se realizó el análisis de contenido a partir del cruce entre los datos cuantitativos y los emergentes provenientes del relevamiento y las entrevistas. Los resultados relacionados con el universo estudiado hasta ahora muestran un vacío documental institucional y, como contrapartida, la incidencia de los repertorios lingüísticos de los docentes en su actividad pedagógica. No obstante, el desajuste entre las exigencias plasmadas en los programas y las carencias en los repertorios lingüísticos de los estudiantes han creado en la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales tensiones que instalan el debate entre las decisiones de macropolítica y las acciones de micropolítica lingüística.Teaching, research and production in multiple languages at the university level often take place in an unstable space determined by the relationship between institutional language policies and the micro-political linguistic actions. It is necessary to build an informed and contextualized university language policy, taking into account the glotopolitics of academic actors. The Center for Foreign Languages of the University of the Republic of Uruguay carries out intensive work to consolidate Language Studies in the university's academic ecosystem analyzing since 2016 language policy aspects related to research tasks, in order to understand in which languages research is conducted and published. In its first stage, the study focused on the Faculty of Humanities and Educational Sciences. We will present the progress of the second stage of the Languages and knowledge production line, which seeks to study the relationships between the university's linguistic capital, the linguistic repertoires of university actors, and knowledge production. The same qualitative methodology was applied to the Faculty of Social Sciences, complemented with data obtained through quantitative instruments. The techniques and instruments used for data collection include: the review of official documents on university language policies, the survey of bibliographies in curricula to analyze the presence or absence of works in foreign languages, semi-directed interviews with authorities, teachers and students. From an interpretative perspective, the content analysis was carried out from the cross between the quantitative and emerging data from the survey and the interviews. The results related to the universe studied so far show an institutional documental void and, as a counterpart, the incidence of teachers' linguistic repertoires in their pedagogical activity. However, the mismatch between the requirements embodied in the programs and the shortcomings in the linguistic repertoires of the students have created in the Faculty of Cs. Social tensions that install the debate between macropolitical decisions and linguistic micropolitical actions.Peer Reviewe
Limits of Language and Education Policies?
Get PDFThis paper focuses on language teaching in higher education in Türkiye to deduce the resulting language and education policies: Monolingual or plurilingual? After emphasizing the need to consider the diversity of languages and sociocultural variability in the Turkish educational system, we will focus on the literary context of language and education policies, on the issue of the choice of language (or languages) which could have direct effects on the methods of developing teaching programs (aims or content) and their application in higher education in Türkiye. Considering that the language teaching departments respond to the perspective of plurilingual and intercultural education in Türkiye, we will examine the place given to languages within the framework of language and education policies in Türkiye.
In this perspective, we will carry out as scope for plurilingual approaches in the Turkish education system a contrastive analysis based on many language teaching programs (departments of language teaching, those of Language and Literature, those of translation and interpretation,) from the official data of the YÖK, Council for Higher Education in Türkiye. This analysis will allow us to understand the variability of language ideology and the social norms that freeze them in educational programs. This is why it seems important to us to analyze our issue of language teaching not only according to the official language and foreign languages (suddenly changing status according to the political issues of the state), but also according to the status of minority languages in education. These language and education policies are the result of monolingual ideologies: Limits of plurilingual education policies in Türkiye?Le présent article porte sur la didactique des langues dans le supérieur en Turquie pour en déduire les politiques linguistiques et éducatives résultantes : monolingues ou plurilingues ? Après avoir mis l’accent sur la nécessité de la prise en compte de la diversité des langues et de la variabilité socioculturelle dans le système éducatif turc, nous nous attacherons dans le cadre des politiques linguistiques et éducatives, à la problématique du choix de la langue (ou des langues) qui pourrait avoir des effets directs sur les modalités de développement des programmes d’enseignement (finalités ou contenu) et de leur mise en œuvre dans le supérieur en Turquie. Supposant que les programmes d’enseignement des langues répondent à cette perspective de l’éducation plurilingue et interculturelle dans le supérieur en Turquie, nous nous interrogerons dans le présent article, sur la place accordée aux langues enseignées le cadre des politiques linguistiques et éducatives en Turquie.
Pour ce faire, nous procéderons à une analyse contrastive de plusieurs programmes d’enseignement des langues (répartis suivants les départements de didactique des langues, ceux de langue et de littérature, ceux de traduction et d’interprétation) à partir des données officielles du YÖK, Conseil suprême de l’enseignement supérieur en Turquie. Cette analyse nous permettra de prendre conscience de la variabilité intrinsèque de toute idéologie linguistique et des conditions qui commandent ces variations au-delà des normes sociales (dont celles de l’Ecole) qui les figent dans les programmes d’enseignement en Turquie. Il nous semble important d’analyser notre problématique sur la didactique des langues non seulement selon la langue officielle et les langues étrangères (changeant soudainement de statut selon les questions politiques du pays), mais aussi selon le rôle des langues minoritaires. Telles sont les idéologies mono-linguistiques qui influencent les politiques linguistiques et éducatives : limites des politiques éducatives plurilingues en Turquie ?Peer Reviewe
Flat structure: a minimalist program for syntax
Get PDFWe explore the possibility of assuming largely flat syntactic structures in Simpler Syntax, suggesting that these are plausible alternatives to conventional hierarchical structures. We consider the implications of flat structure for analyses of various linguistic phenomena in English, including heavy NP shift, extraposition, topicalization and constituent order variation in the VP. We also sketch a general strategy to circumvent some of the problems flat structure is said to cause for semantic interpretation. Our proposals eliminate the need for movement, unpronounced copies and feature-bearing nodes postulated to trigger syntactic operations. We assume the Parallel Architecture and use declarative schemas to establish direct correspondences between phonology on the one hand and syntactic and semantic structures on the other. The resulting picture is one in which narrow syntax can be relatively stable across languages and constructions, largely reflecting the structure of human thought, and the main source of linguistic variation is the linearization of conceptual and syntactic structures. Unlike other minimalist theories that reach a similar conclusion, the theory we propose takes mappings to phonology to be central to the architecture of grammar.Peer Reviewe
Snails, time, data: On the politics of mass-digitization and the possibility of data drift
Get PDFIn natural history museums around the globe, museum staff are working on making collections of specimens (such as insects on pins, snail shells, dried plants, mounted birds) digitally available through online databases en masse. The mass-digitization of specimens is urgent especially now, so museum actors and biodiversity scientists stress, as natural history collections could provide the biodiversity sciences with crucial data for research into the effects of climate-change induced biodiversity loss. This paper investigates the processes and practices through which these biodiversity data are produced. It argues that the work of data production requires the negotiation of- and grappling with different temporalities, and that attending to these temporalities contributes to a further understanding of the politics of mass-digitization. Building on ethnographic fieldwork in the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin's collection of snail shells, the paper brings into view the work required to make snail specimens and their metadata digital. Following steps in a mollusk digitization workflow—meant to streamline and scale up digitization processes—it attends to the misalignment of rhythms; the importance of informal cleaning labor; the negotiation of social, biological, and colonial temporalities in practices of label transcription; and the anticipatory and expansive logics of mass-digitization. Drawing on snails’ ability to “drift,” it raises data drift as a way of engaging with natural history collections and their data.Berlin University Alliancehttps://doi.org/10.13039/501100021727Peer Reviewe
A systems perspective on structure-function relationships in the human brain
Get PDFDas Ziel der kognitiven Neurowissenschaften ist es, Struktur-Funktions-Beziehungen im Gehirn aufzudecken. Durch Fortschritte in der funktionellen Bildgebung und der Graphentheorie konnten zentrale Knotenpunkte im Gehirn identifiziert werden, welche neuronale Informationen integrieren und dementielle Prozesse erklären können. Datenbankgetriebene metaanalytische Methoden wurden genutzt, um tausende Bildgebungsstudien auszuwerten und das funktionelle Profil von Hirnregionen zu dekodieren. Das Systems-Level Decoding zielt darauf ab, eine Seed-Region und mit ihr verbundene kortikale Regionen funktionell zu dekodieren. In Studie 1 wurden thalamische Subregionen und in Studie 2 drei Subregionen des Intraparietalen Sulcus (hIP) als Seed-Regionen verwendet. Studie 3 untersuchte Unterschiede in der Rich-Club-Struktur zwischen Alzheimer-Patienten, Patienten mit milder kognitiver Beeinträchtigung und gesunden Probanden. Es wurden zwei große, Thalamus-zentrierte Systeme identifiziert, die mit autobiographischem Gedächtnis und Nozizeption assoziiert sind; für den hIP wurden neun Systeme, die mit Prozessen wie Arbeitsgedächtnis und numerischem Denken zusammenhängen, gefunden. Studie 3 fand Hinweise, dass periphere Regionen bei Patienten im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollen stärker aktiviert sind als Rich-Club-Regionen. Das Systems-Level Decoding lieferte neue Erkenntnisse über die Einbettung des Thalamus und des hIP in kortikale funktionelle Systeme. Allerdings waren die Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der funktionellen Charakterisierung thalamischer Kerne und der Aktivitätsunterschiede in Rich-Club- und peripheren Regionen zwischen Patienten und gesunden Kontrollpersonen begrenzt. Diese Ergebnisse lassen sich möglicherweise durch Limitationen des metaanalytischen Ansatzes erklären. Das Systems-Level Decoding ist insgesamt ein vielversprechender Ansatz für die Formulierung von Hypothesen über Struktur-Funktionsbeziehungen innerhalb der Netzwerkarchitektur des menschlichen Gehirns.In cognitive neuroscience, there is great interest in unraveling structure-function relationships in the human brain. Advances in functional neuroimaging and graph theory methods have identified key brain nodes relevant for neuronal information integration and functional deficits in degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. Database-driven meta-analytical methods have also evaluated knowledge from thousands of neuroimaging studies, to decode the functional profile of brain regions. The systems-level decoding aims to identify brain systems that provide insight into the functional characteristics of a seed region and its connected cortical regions. In Study 1, thalamic subregions were used as seed regions. Study 2 applied systems-level decoding to three distinct regions in the intraparietal sulcus (hIP). In Study 3, we attempted to substantiate activation differences in the Rich Club structure between Alzheimer's patients, patients with mild cognitive impairment, and healthy subjects. Two major, thalamus-centered systems associated with autobiographical memory and nociception were identified. Additionally, nine large systems associated with processes such as working memory, numerical cognition, and recognition memory were uncovered for the hIP. Finally, evidence showed that peripheral regions in patients are more activated than central Rich Club regions compared to healthy controls. Systems-level decoding provided significant new insights into the embedding of the thalamus and intraparietal sulcus in functional systems. However, results were limited in the functional characterization of thalamic nuclei and activity differences in Rich Club and peripheral regions between patients and healthy controls. Limitations of the meta-analytical approach may explain these findings. The systems-level decoding represents a promising approach for formulating hypotheses about brain structure-function relationships within the functional network architecture
Aspekte eines bewältigungsfördernden pädagogisch-therapeutischen Milieus in der Arbeit mit traumatisierten geflüchteten Kindern und Jugendlichen
Get PDFDie Untersuchung fokussiert die Arbeit mit traumatisierten Kindern und Jugendlichen im Kontext internationaler Zusammenarbeit. Es wird ergründet, welche Aspekte der Gestaltung der Arbeit bewältigungsfördernd auf die Traumatisierung und weitere Entwicklung geflüchteter Kinder und Jugendlicher aus Sicht psychosozialer Fachkräfte wirken können. Dafür findet zunächst eine Bezugnahme auf psychoanalytische und traumapädagogische Überlegungen zum pädagogisch-therapeutischen Milieu (Kap. 2), zum Konzept der Sequenziellen Traumatisierung (Kap. 3) sowie zu bewältigungsfördernden Momenten in internationalen Übergangssettings (Kap. 4) statt. Anschließend werden die Durchführung und Ergebnisse einer die genannten Zusammenhänge fokussierenden, qualitativ-empirischen Studie zu einem psychosozialen Projekt auf Lesbos vorgestellt. Anhand des Forschungszugangs der Grounded Theory (vgl. Strauss & Corbin, 1996) wurden vor Ort durchgeführte Experteninterviews ausgewertet. Folgende Aspekte des pädagogisch-therapeutischen Milieus konnten als bewältigungsfördernd herausgestellt werden: 1. ein manifestiertes Streben nach Schutz und Stabilität auf allen Ebenen des Angebots, 2. umfassende community-basierte Strukturen, 3. Kinderbetreuung mit auf Stabilisierung, Erholung und Resilienz ausgerichteten Aktivitäten, 4. Angebote für die Eltern, 5. entlastende Arbeits- und Teamstrukturen, 6. kontinuierliche Weiterbildungen, 7. Kriterien für die Einstellung von Fachkräften sowie 8. ein umfangreiches Kooperationsnetzwerk. Die Ergebnisse untermauern ebenfalls die gesellschaftlich-strukturelle Verantwortung im Ursachengefüge traumatischer Prozesse. Indem eine für den Kontext und die Zielgruppe unterrepräsentierte Betrachtung von Traumatisierung und ihrer professionellen Begleitung stattfindet, leistet die Untersuchung einen Beitrag zur Aufklärung der aktuellen Bedingungen internationaler Projektarbeit verbunden mit dem Ziel der Unterstützung minderjähriger traumatisierter Geflüchteter.This academic paper is dedicated to the work with traumatized children and adolescents within the context of international cooperation. It examines the question of working aspects that promote coping for traumatization and reinforcement for further development of refugee children and adolescents by taking the perspective of psychosocial professionals. At first, reference is made to psychoanalytical and trauma-pedagogical considerations of Pedagogical Therapeutic Milieus (ch. 2), to the concept of Sequential Traumatization (ch. 3), and then, to moments that promote coping in international transition settings (ch. 4). This theoretical part leads to a critical questioning of current approaches in the context of psychosocial projects in international cooperation. Subsequently, the implementation and results of a qualitative-empirical study about a psychosocial project on Lesbos will be presented. Expert interviews were taken on-site and then evaluated by use of the research approach of Grounded Theory (Strauss & Corbin, 1996). As a result, the following aspects of the examined Pedagogical Therapeutic Milieu were found to be conducive to coping: 1. a manifest pursuit of protection and stability at all levels of the project, 2. comprehensive community-based structures, 3. childcare with activities that aim stabilization, recovery, and resilience, 4. parents-focused activities, 5. relieving work and team structures, 6. regular skill training, 7. criteria-conducted recruitment of professionals, and 8. an extensive cooperation network. Conversely, the results underline and concretize the socio-structural responsibility in the causation and maintenance of traumatic processes. Regarding the context and target group, this study takes an underrepresented view of traumatization and appropriated ways of accompaniment and contributes to the clarification of current conditions of international psychosocial work in connection to the goal of supporting minor traumatized refugees
The fate of the passbook: Why it vanished in the US but survived in Germany during the stagflation period (1966–1983)
Get PDFIn his article, Sebastian Knake challenges the general assumption that traditional savings accounts in the US disappeared naturally as a result of the combination of interest rate regulation and extraordinarily high market interest rates during the stagflation period. By comparing the US experience with simultaneous developments in West Germany, he finds that the opportunity costs of owning a regular passbook were comparable in both countries. In contrast to the US case, however, the passbook remained a cornerstone of household saving in Germany. Drawing upon research in several bank archives in the US and Germany, Knake explains these divergent developments in terms of fundamental differences in how banks and their customers communicated over prices. In the US, a peculiar combination
of regulative rules forced banks, and especially savings institutions, to aggressively promote new types of bank accounts that were introduced by federal regulation authorities, thereby increasing nominal interest rate expectations. In Germany, by contrast, banks confined information about advantageous investment opportunities to the smallest possible share of the customer base. These divergent communication strategies reflect a difference in the balance of power in the bank–customer relationship. Ger man customers depended on their primary—and in most cases only—bank relationship to acquire information on alternative investments, while US customers could draw on several relationships with banks and savings institutions to obtain the relevant information. Thus, the fate of the passbook was sealed by the ability or inability of banks to keep their customers in the dark about the real opportunity
costs of passbook saving
The metabolic role of the ferredoxin redox system in apicomplexan parasites
Get PDFApicomplexa, einschließlich Plasmodium sp. (Erreger der Malaria) und Toxoplasma gondii (Erreger der Toxoplasmose), sind ein großes Phylum einzelliger, obligat intrazellulärer Parasiten, welche ein essenzielles, Plastiden ähnliches Organell, den sogenannten Apicoplast, beherbergen. Aufgrund der Beteiligung an mehreren essenziellen Stoffwechselprozessen stellt das Ferredoxin Redoxsystem innerhalb der Apicomplexa ein vielversprechendes potentielles Wirkstoffziel dar.
Eine kürzlich veröffentlichte Arbeit zeigt, dass ptFd in T. gondii (TgFd) ein essenzielles Protein ist. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte durch eine gezielte Analyse von Metaboliten der Isoprenoid-Biosynthese gezeigt werden, dass T. gondii Fd eine essenzielle physiologische Funktion als Elektronendonor für die letzten beiden Enzyme dieses Stoffwechselweges hat. Weiterhin zeigen im Zusammenhang mit dieser Arbeit generierte Daten, das der Einfluss auf die Isoprenoid-Biosynthese einen zusätzlichen Effekt auf die Proteinprenylierung hat. Darüber hinaus zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit, dass die Hemmung der Isoprenoid Biosynthese des Wirtes zum langsamen Einsetzen des Absterbens bei TgFd Knockdown-Parasiten beiträgt, was darauf hindeutet, dass der Mangel an Isoprenoid Vorstufen nach induziertem Fd Knockdown bis zu einem gewissen Grad durch vom Wirt stammende Isoprenoide kompensiert werden kann.
Zusammenfassend tragen die Ergebnisse dieser Doktorarbeit zu einem besseren Verständnis der metabolischen Rolle von Ferredoxin in T. gondii und P. falciparum bei und zeigen dessen Bedeutung für den Parasitenstoffwechsel und verdeutlichen damit das Potenzial Ferredoxins als Wirkstoffziel gegen das große Phylum der Apicomplexa.Apicomplexan parasites, including Plasmodium sp. (the causative agent of malaria) and Toxoplasma gondii (causing toxoplasmosis), are a large phylum of unicellular, obligate intracellular organisms. The plant type ferredoxin redox system in apicomplexan parasites is a promising drug target due to its potential involvement in several essential metabolic processes.
Recently published work demonstrated that ptFd in T. gondii (TgFd) is an essential protein. A tetracycline-inducible knock-down (ikd) approach was used to replace the endogenous single copy of TgFd with a myc-tagged copy (TgFdmyc) by double cross-over homologous recombination, and severe growth inhibition of parasites was observed upon Fd depletion. Metabolomic analyses show a 30% decrease in C14:0 fatty acids and a significantly lower gliding motility (20%) in the TgFd ikd strain compared to the TgFd ikd complemented (TgFd cikd) strain. In this thesis, targeted metabolomic analysis of the isoprenoid biosynthesis metabolites demonstrates that T. gondii Fd has an essential physiological function as an electron donor for the last two enzymes of the pathway. Furthermore, results of this work show that inhibition of the host isoprenoid biosynthesis contributes to the slow onset of death in TgFd knockdown parasites, indicating that the lack of isoprenoid precursors after induced Fd knockdown can to some extent be compensated by host-derived isoprenoids.
Together, the findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the metabolic role of Fd in T. gondii and P. falciparum, supporting its importance for the parasite’s metabolism and underlining its potential as a drug target in apicomplexan parasites
Making a case for power-sensitive water modelling: a literature review
Get PDFModels are widely used to research hydrological change and risk. However, the power embedded in the modelling process and outcomes is often concealed by claiming their neutrality. Our review shows that in the scientific literature relatively little attention is given to the influence of models on development processes and outcomes in water governance. At the same time, an emerging body of work offering critical insights into the political implications of hydrological models and a nuanced understanding of their application in context has begun to flourish. Drawing on this work, we call for power-sensitive modelling which includes the following considerations: take a holistic approach to modelling beyond programming and coding; foster accountability; work towards just and equitable water distributions; be transparent about the expectations and choices made; and democratise modelling by giving space to and being mindful of representations of multiple bodies of knowledge and multiple stakeholders and by incorporating marginalised people and nature into the modelling process. Our call should not be understood as a suggestion to do away with modelling altogether, but rather as an invitation to interrogate how quantitative models may help to foster transformative pathways towards more just and equitable water distributions.Volkswagen FoundationPeer Reviewe
Colonial Contexts in the Library. Networking, Indexing, Making Available
Get PDFDer Beitrag thematisiert die Rolle von Bibliotheken in den gesellschaftspolitischen Debatten zum Umgang mit der (deutschen) Kolonialgeschichte und ihren Wirkungen. Konkret werden die Vernetzung von Initiativen im Netzwerk Koloniale Kontexte, die Vokabular- und Normdatenarbeit sowie der Umgang mit Forschungsdaten indigenen Ursprungs vor dem Hintergrund ethisch-politischer Fragestellungen dargestellt.The article addresses the role of libraries in socio-political debates on the history of (German) colonialism and its effects up to the present. In particular, the collaboration of initiatives in the network Colonial Contexts, the work on vocabulary, and authority files as well as the handling of research data of indigenous origin are presented against the background of ethical-political questions.Peer Reviewe