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DREAM(LoAX): Simultaneous Calibration and Diagnosis for Tracer‐Aided Ecohydrological Models Under the Equifinality Thesis
No full textThe Limits of Acceptability approach has been demonstrated to be an effective conditioning tool due to its capacity to consider epistemic uncertainty. However, its application faces two challenges—the low efficiency when random sampling is used and the difficulty in setting limits prior to calibration. Here an algorithm DREAM(LoAX) was developed and added to GLUE framework. As an extension of DREAM(LoA) of Vrugt and Beven (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.02.026, it evaluates model performance based on limit boundaries, thus inherits the merits of the GLUE framework (explicit consideration of epistemic errors). Moreover, the importance of initial choice of limits is strongly reduced by allowing iterative evolution of limits based on historical model performance. By testing a series of examples (including a high‐dimensional numeric example, a single‐objective hydrological example, and a multi‐objective hydrological example) with or without error‐free assumption using synthetic or real observations, the search capacity of DREAM(LoAX) to locate acceptable models is demonstrated. The algorithm also shows comparable efficiency to DREAM and DREAM(LoA). More importantly, it provides real‐time diagnostic information regarding when (at which timestep), where (for which objective), and how (to which direction and to which extent) the model fails when uncertainty is pronounced, allowing potential uncertainty sources in the data or flaws in the model structure to be identified. In this context, DREAM(LoAX) is not only a useful conditioning tool, but also a diagnostic and learning tool for development of improved modeling.Key Points:DREAM(LoAX) allows evolution of limits thus reducing the difficulty in setting limits prior to calibration in past LoA applications.The algorithm has comparable search capacity for high‐dimensional numeric or hydrological problems compared to other algorithms. It provides real‐time diagnostic information of model failures for identification of uncertainty in data or flaws in model structure.Einstein Foundation BerlinBerlin University AllianceLeibniz Excellence project ISOSCALEBMBFLeibnitz Association GermanyPeer Reviewe
Motivating Moments: An Examination of the Relation Between Situation Perception and Achievement Motivation States
No full textPersönlichkeitsforschung hat innerhalb der letzten Jahrzehnte den Fokus immer mehr von einer Trait- auf eine State-Perspektive verlagert. Psychologische States, einschließlich die der Motivation, werden durch ein komplexes Zusammenspiel von persönlichen Merkmalen und situativen Faktoren beeinflusst. Murray hat bereits 1938 mit seiner Unterscheidung zwischen Need und Press die Bedeutung dieses Zusammenspiels für die Motivationsforschung hervorgehoben, jedoch ist diese grundlegende Idee weitgehend ungeprüft geblieben. Dies liegt nicht zuletzt daran, dass es lange Zeit an Rahmenwerken und Instrumenten fehlte, um die Situation adäquat zu erfassen. Die vorliegende Dissertation konzentriert sich explizit auf Leistungsmotivation und untersucht, wie Variablen der Situationswahrnehmung mit Fluktuationen der Leistungsmotivation zusammenhängen. Zu diesem Zweck werden sowohl ein naturalistisches Design als auch ein Labordesign verwendet. Durch die Untersuchung des Zusammenspiels dieser Konstrukte auf einer hochfrequenten, momentanen Ebene kann Murrays Konzept von Need und Press geprüft werden. In Studie 1 wurde mit Hilfe der Experience Sampling Methode untersucht, ob Leistungsmotivation im täglichen Leben variiert und mit bestimmten Situationswahrnehmungen zusammenhängt. In Studie 2 wurden Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Modelle in einem akademischen Umfeld implementiert, um die Direktionalität des Zusammenhangs zwischen diesen Variablen zu ergründen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten Schwankungen der Leistungsmotivation auf State-Ebene sowie eine erhebliche Kovariation zwischen verschiedenen Konstrukten der Leistungsmotivation und der Wahrnehmung von Duty und Intellect. Die Ergebnisse lieferten zudem vorläufige kausale Belege für die Richtungsabhängigkeit der Beziehung (mit Spillover-Effekten, die hauptsächlich von der Situationswahrnehmung, d. h. Duty, auf Leistungsmotivationsvariablen mit positiver Valenz festgestellt wurden) und stützen damit Murrays Idee von Need und Press.Personality research has more and more shifted from a trait to a state perspective over the last decades. Psychological states, including motivation, are influenced by a complex interplay of personal characteristics and situational factors. As early as 1938, Murray emphasized the importance of this interaction in the study of motivation with his distinction between need and press, yet this foundational idea has remained largely untested, not least because frameworks and instruments for the assessment of the situation have been lacking for a long time. The present dissertation focuses explicitly on achievement motivation and examines how perceptions of the situation relate to fluctuations in achievement motivation. Both a naturalistic and a laboratory design are utilized. By examining the interplay of these constructs at a highly frequented, momentary level, Murray’s need-press concept can be put to the test. Study 1 used an experience sampling approach to investigate whether achievement motivation varies in daily life and is related to specific situation perceptions. Study 2 implemented random intercept cross-lagged panel models in an academic setting to to fathom the directionality of the link between these variables. Findings revealed fluctuations of achievement motivation at state level as well as substantial covariation of different achievement motivation constructs and the perceptions of Duty and Intellect. Results also offered preliminary causal evidence on the directionality of the relation (with spillover effects that were mainly found from situation perception, that is, Duty, to achievement motivation variables with positive valence), thus supporting Murray’s idea of need and press
Glyme-based Localized High Concentration Electrolytes Improve the Stability of Na-ion Battery Materials in Halfcells
No full textSodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries for grid energy storage and automotive applications. However, their widespread adoption necessitates improved cycling stability and energy density, largely dependent on electrode materials and electrolytes. This study investigates the compatibility and performance of the diglyme-based localized high concentration electrolyte (LHCE/G2) for SIB applications, proposing it as the electrolyte of choice for materials screening in half-cell configuration. Three layered oxide cathode materials were tested in LHCE/G2 against sodium metal counter electrodes, demonstrating significantly enhanced cycling stability compared to carbonate electrolytes. The electrochemical stability of LHCE/G2 on sodium metal was confirmed through long-term plating/stripping profiles. The findings suggest that glyme-based LHCEs offer a promising approach to evaluating high-voltage oxide cathodes, minimizing electrolyte-related degradation, and enhancing the reliability and performance of SIBs.Peer Reviewe
Lebenslanges Lernen im Wandel der Zeiten: Bildungsbiografien von Frauen aus Ostdeutschland nach der Wiedervereinigung
No full textDiese Masterarbeit beleuchtet die Bildungsbiografien von Frauen aus Ostdeutschland nach der Wiedervereinigung und untersucht, wie lebenslanges Lernen die berufliche und gesellschaftliche Integration von Frauen in den neuen sozialen und ökonomischen Rahmen Deutschlands beeinflusst hat. Im Rahmen einer qualitativen Studie wurden narrative Interviews mit ostdeutschen Frauen durchgeführt, die im Zuge der Wieder-vereinigung arbeitlos wurden und an Weiterbildungsmaßnahmen teilnahmen. Die Resultate zeigen, dass lebenslanges Lernen für die betroffenen Frauen eine Möglichkeit zur Anpassung an neue berufliche Anforderungen bot. Nichtsdestotrotz wurden struktu-relle Benachteiligungen und Diskriminierungserfahrungen verstärkt, vor allem durch die ungleiche Anerkennung ostdeutscher Qualifikationen im vereinten Deutschland. Die Studie beleuchtet die biografischen Herausforderungen, die sich aus den veränderten Geschlechterrollen und den Diskrepanzen zwischen Ost und West ergeben haben. Sie verdeutlicht, dass Bildungsmaßnahmen oft ungenügend waren, um eine dauerhafte Eingliederung in den Arbeitsmarkt sicherzustellen. Weiterhin wird diskutiert, inwiefern die DDR-Bildungserfahrungen und die Vorstellung beruflicher Selbstständigkeit die Resilienz der Frauen beeinflussten und als Grundlage für individuelle Anpassungsstrategien dienten. Diese Resultate tragen dazu bei, ein tieferes Verständnis für die Bildungs-prozesse und Hindernisse für die soziale Integration von Frauen im Transformations-prozess zu erlangen und bieten Impulse zur Überwindung von Diskrepanzen in der aktuellen Bildungspolitik
Workshop Deutsch als Zweitsprache, Migration und Mehrsprachigkeit: Jahresschrift - Band 18
No full textAnknüpfend an den 18. Workshop Deutsch als Zweitsprache, Migration und Mehrsprachigkeit, der im November 2023 an der Universität Passau stattfand, liegt der thematische Schwerpunkt des aktuellen Bandes der Jahresschrift auf den drei Forschungsbereichen Professionalisierung, Interaktion und Spracherwerb sowie Integration
Media addiction in children and adolescents—a study protocol for development, piloting and evaluation of a sustainable, integrative rehabilitation program (MeKi)
No full textIntroduction: The proportion of children and young people in Germany who have problematic media use has increased, particularly as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. The presence of comorbidities such as anxiety disorders, depression, sleep disorders, impulsivity and lack of social skills are interdependent with media addiction. Medical rehabilitation is suitable for the long-term care of children and adolescents with media addiction. As part of the MeKi study, a rehabilitation program for children and adolescents with media addiction is being developed and piloted in a cooperating rehabilitation clinic. The trial is registered under DRKS-ID: DRKS00034461, Medienabhängigkeit bei Kindern und Jugendlichen—Entwicklung, Pilotierung und Evaluation eines nachhaltigen, integrativen Rehabilitationskonzepts. Methodes and analysis: As part of a mixed methods design a multimodal rehabilitation concept for children and adolescents with media addiction will be developed in a preparation phase based on the results of a scoping review as well as interviews and focus groups with affected children and adolescents, their parents and experts. In a trial phase the concept will be implemented with a planned sample of 80 Children and adolescents over a period of 1.5 years and evaluated by means of a results evaluation using a questionnaire survey and a process evaluation using interviews and focus groups. Discussion: The lack of a standardized definition for problematic media use in children and adolescents complicates both the scientific discourse and the practical care of those affected. Furthermore, there are currently only a few therapeutic offers and these are only available in the acute sector. The development and piloting of a rehabilitation program for children and adolescents with media addiction is intended to provide sustainable rehabilitative care, which is to be transferred to other clinics after the end of the project. Trial registration: The trial is registered under DRKS-ID: DRKS00034461, Medienabhängigkeit bei Kindern und Jugendlichen—Entwicklung, Pilotierung und Evaluation eines nachhaltigen, integrativen Rehabilitationskonzepts.Peer Reviewe
Flexible necessity, the future, and the German wohl
No full textThe paper offers a new analysis of the German particle wohl as akin to Italian futuro. They are both, we argue, necessity modals, but without bias. They are therefore more flexible than MUST and useable in situations with less reliable evidence or heightened uncertainty such as in reflective questions where they create Socratic inquisitiveness, a self- directed state of inquisitiveness with the goal to introspect rather than seek information
High-Spin Manganese(V) in an Active Center Analogue of the Oxygen-Evolving Complex
No full textIn a comprehensive investigation of the dinuclear [Mn2O3]+ cluster, the smallest dimanganese entity with two μ-oxo bridges and a terminal oxo ligand, and a simplified structural model of the active center in the oxygen-evolving complex, we identify antiferromagnetically coupled high-spin manganese centers in very different oxidation states of +2 and +5, but rule out the presence of a manganese(IV)-oxyl species by experimental X-ray absorption and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy combined with multireference calculations. This first identification of a high-spin manganese(V) center in any polynuclear oxidomanganese complex underscores the need for multireference computational methods to describe high-valent oxidomanganese species.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 10.13039/501100001659Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 10.13039/501100001659Peer Reviewe
Monitoring Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) distribution in the Southern Ocean: environmental DNA (eDNA) adds to the toolbox
No full textAntarctic krill ( Euphausia superba Dana) is a key species of the Southern Ocean ecosystem, immensely abundant and targeted by the krill fishery. For their sustainable management, krill distribution and biomass estimates are required, typically achieved through acoustic-trawl surveys. We explore how krill environmental DNA (eDNA) can contribute to our understanding or Antarctic krill habitat and distribution. We collected eDNA samples by filtering five liters of seawater per sample in the East Antarctic Southern Ocean from the surface (5 m depth) and seafloor (381–4422 m depth, total n = 110). We used quantitative PCR to measure Antarctic krill eDNA abundance and age, and eDNA metabarcoding to detect any krill species. This eDNA data was compared to acoustic, visual and trawl detections of Antarctic krill. Antarctic krill eDNA was common in surface samples and largely overlapped with visual and trawl detections. Highest eDNA concentrations were detected above krill swarms, with concentrations declining with increasing distance from swarms. Near recent eDNA sampling locations, krill swarms were more likely acoustically detected than near old eDNA sampling locations. Antarctic krill detections were less common in seafloor locations, and detections were concentrated in the continental slope area to the south of the survey area, both for visual detections and for recent eDNA detections. Both methods detected Antarctic krill at great depths (recent eDNA: 4300 m; visual: 3080 m). In both eDNA and trawl data, Antarctic krill was the dominant krill species, followed by Thysanoessa macrura G.O. Sars, which was particularly abundant in larval stages throughout the survey area, including at Antarctic krill swarm locations. We recommend the inclusion of eDNA data for Antarctic krill distribution estimates and understanding of habitat use, particularly in difficult-to-access areas, such as under ice or benthic habitats.Peer Reviewe
Quantitative and qualitative food losses of African indigenous vegetables along the value chain: A systematic literature review
No full textAfrican indigenous vegetables (AIV) have high densities of important micronutrients but qualitative and quantitative food losses along the value chains could threaten their nutritional potential in Africa. We conduct a systematic review of the estimations of food quality losses of AIV along their value chains. Our review reveals that there is generally limited evidence on food quality losses along AIV value chains. In addition, existing studies are often of low quality and have inadequate experimental descriptions. For our final analysis, we consider the yields and malnutrition-relevant nutrients for two major AIV, vegetable amaranth ( Amaranthus ssp ) and African nightshade ( Solanum nigrum and Solanum scarbrum ). We observe a consistent and substantial decrease in carotenoids and iron contents starting from selecting appropriate seed material to processing practices. Losses are particularly severe at seed selection and production. Almost half of the original potential is lost after cultivation for the reviewed nutrients. While qualitative losses appear to be significant during post-harvest, processing by consumers leads to comparatively small reductions. While our results suggest that the current value chains need to be improved to supply nutrient-rich foods to urban and peri-urban areas, better data are also needed to conduct more comprehensive assessments of nutrition-sensitive AIV value chains and to derive evidence-based interventions to reduce nutrient losses for AIV along the value chain.Peer Reviewe