4473 research outputs found
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The Impacts of Population Dynamics on Transportation Development in Zanzibar.
No full textThis study was conducted under the main objective of examining the effects of population dynamics on transportation development in Zanzibar. The study used demographic transition theory to examine effects of population dynamics on transportation development. Using a study area of three districts of Urban West region; Urban Unguja, West A and West B district, a sample of 400 respondents selected based on a simple random probability sampling. The quantitative approach and questionnaires were used for data collections. The collected data were entered into SPSS version 27 then analyzed using percentage and frequency distribution. The findings revealed that population growth affects transportation development and causing challenges such as inadequate and insufficient of transport infrastructures, increasing congestions, delays, travel time and travel cost. Also, population distribution has positive and negative impacts to transportation development. Poor usage of means of transportation and improving transportation systems and services resulted as negative and positive impacts of population distribution respectively. Then, there is a direct effects of population structures to transport development. Such that changes of population structures including gender, ages and density have greater effects on increasing transportation demands. In conclusion, the study revealed that population dynamics have direct and strong positive and negative impacts to transportation development. Then, the study recommended that population dynamics should be deliberate well to realize its challenges to transportation development, and enabling the government to reduce negative impacts of those determined challenges.
Keywords: Population Dynamics, Population Growth, Population Distribution, Population Structure and Transportation Development
Exploring the Role of Gender Norms in Preventing Violence against Children: The Case of Kibaha District.
No full textThis study explores the role of gender norms in shaping the prevention of violence against children (VAC) in Kibaha District, Tanzania. Guided by Connell’s Gender and Power Theory, the research adopted a qualitative case study design for in-depth exploration of how socially constructed gender norms influence community perceptions and responses to VAC. Purposive sampling selected 30 participants—parents, children, community leaders, and child protection stakeholders—ensuring
diverse perspectives. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews (IDIs), focus group discussions (FGDs), and document reviews, with strict ethical protocols observed to protect confidentiality and well-being. Thematic analysis using NVivo software identified key patterns and themes. Findings revealed that traditional gender norms strongly shape perceptions and responses within families and communities. Boys were socialized to endure physical punishment as masculinity, while girls were expected to remain silent and submissive, limiting disclosure and protection. Patriarchal household power dynamics constrained women from reporting abuse, while cultural and religious beliefs often reinforced violent discipline. However, positive teachings promoting compassion, collective parenting, and non-violent child-rearing were also identified and could support prevention
strategies. The study concludes that addressing both harmful and supportive gender norms is critical for effective VAC prevention. It recommends gender-sensitive community education, women’s empowerment in decision-making, and active
engagement of men and cultural leaders in transforming violent norms toward inclusive, non-violent parenting.
Keywords: Gender norms, Violence against children (VAC), Patriarchy, Child protection, Qualitative research, Kibaha District, Tanzania
Assessment of Situational Analysis of Social Protection for Older People in Tanzania: A Case of Mlandizi Ward from Kibaha District Council in Pwani Region.
No full textIn Tanzania, the aging population is increasing, presenting new challenges for social protection mechanisms designed to ensure the well-being of older adults. Despite national efforts to develop policies and programs aimed at supporting the elderly, significant gaps remain in their implementation, especially at the local level. Many older people in rural areas like Mlandizi Ward, face challenges in accessing adequate social protection due to limited resources, insufficient infrastructure, and inadequate awareness
of available services. This study seeks to fill this gap by providing a detailed assessment of the social protection mechanisms in place for older people in Mlandizi Ward. A
Descriptive research design was adopted. This study used a sample size of 100 subjects, namely; 55 older people, 22 Community members, 13 Local government leaders, and 10 Health providers. Data were collected using questionnaires in-depth interviews and focused group discussion (FGD). SPSS was used to analyze quantitative data while content analysis used to analyze qualitative data. The findings revealed numerous
challenges in provision of social protection for older people, namely; Limited Awareness of the Benefits that Social Protection can Bring; Lack of Government and Donors Support; Early retirement; Lack of effective political pressure from those who are not protected; Restricted access to social services. This study concluded that social protection to older people of Mlandizi ward is inadequate. Many older people are still experiencing vulnerabilities. This study recommends Promoting Awareness of Social Protection and Social Protection Mechanisms among young people and older people; Community members are recommended to be responsible to older people.
Key words; Social Protection, Older People
Assessing the Local Community’s Perceptions on the Planting of Indigenous Tree Species: The Case of Muheza District in Tanzania.
No full textThis study assessed local community perceptions on planting indigenous tree species in East Usambara Mountains, in Muheza District It focused on attitudes, land tenure influences, and tree planting trends over the past 30 years. Field surveys were conducted in four villages including Kwezitu, Msasa IBC, Kwemdimu, and Shambangeda. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 155 households, while purposive sampling was employed to identify participants for four Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and seven Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). Open Data Kit (ODK) tools facilitated data collection. Data from the household surveys were analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS and Microsoft Excel. Whilee data gathered through KIIs and FGDs were analyzed using content analysis. The study revealed a predominant negative attitude toward planting indigenous trees, as 80% of households viewed them as naturally regenerating without human intervention. Additionally, 73% of respondents believed that secure land tenure, particularly through Certificates of Customary Right of Occupancy (CCROs), encourages indigenous tree planting, while land size ownership also influenced planting decisions. The study further highlighted a significant decline in indigenous tree planting over the past three decades. To address these challenges, the study recommends raising awareness, TFS to establish indigenous nurseries at nature
reserves and distribute seedlings free to communities. The implementing policy reforms, enhancing land security, and conducting further research on community preferred indigenous tree species.
Key Words: Planting, Indigenous Tree, Local Communities, Perception and Attitudes
“An Examination of the Legal Safeguards for the Right to Education on individuals with Physical Disabilities in Mainland Tanzania: In a Comparative Analysis with Kenya.
No full textThis study investigates the legal safeguards on the right to education for individuals with Physical Disabilities in Tanzania Mainland, aiming to identify gaps, challenges, and
improvement areas through exploring the best practices at International standards. Generally, the main methodology employed is doctrinal and Comparative methods where by the legal text are referred from Tanzania with Kenya Policy and Legislations to identify their similarities and differences through Primary and Secondary data. This research argues that, despite Tanzania's being a member state of the United Nations and ratification of major International Conventions and Treaties that establish the right to education for individuals with disabilities, still its domestic framework lacks protection for the right to education for disabled individuals, particularly physical impairment. Notably, despite of the absence of a biding policy that supports inclusive education strategies, Also the Country's Constitution does not explicitly mention this right or incorporate it into human rights provisions, making it difficult to enforce it in court. Instead, it is provided under fundamental Objectives and Directives of the State
Policy. The study suggests that, Tanzania should incorporate with standards from article 24 of the UNCRPD, 2006 as well as article 13 the International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights (ICSECR) of 1966 into its Constitution.
Key words: Legal Safeguards, Right to education, Physical disabilities, Tanzania main lan
Assessing The Efficiency Of Government Interventions In Addressing Educational Challenges Faced By Street Children: A Case of Dodoma City .
No full textThis study, titled "Assessing the Efficiency of Government Interventions in Addressing Educational Challenges Faced by Street Children: A Case of Dodoma City," examines the effectiveness of governmental efforts to mitigate the
challenges faced by street children in Tanzania, with a particular focus on educational access. The research evaluates various government policies, programs, and initiatives intended to address homelessness, educational exclusion, and
vulnerability among street children in Dodoma City. Guided with Social Exclusion Theory, the study employed pragmatic philosphy. The sequential explaintaory design, which allows the uses of mixed-methods approach was utilised. The study
adopted the sample size of 385, who facilitated the collection of quantitative data using surveys, and qualitative data using interviews. Generally the finding reveals that factors such as family breakdown, poverty, domestic violence, and inadequate
access to social services contribute to the prevalence of street children. Findings suggest that, while government interventions exist, they are often hindered by resource limitations, lack of coordination, and challenges in policy implementation. The study concludes with recommendations for enhancing policy frameworks and implementing targeted interventions that address the root causes of streetism,
thereby contributing to more effective support systems for vulnerable children.
Keywords: Street children, Dodoma Municipality, qualitative study, child vulnerability, social exclusion, poverty, family breakdown, institutional gaps, Tanzani
Evaluation of the Influence of Monitoring and Evaluation Practices on Project Success in Teachers’ Colleges in Tanzania: The Moderating Role of Managerial Skills.
No full textThis study evaluated the influence of monitoring and evaluation practices on project success in teachers’ colleges in Tanzania with a moderating role of managerial skills. Specifically, it assessed the influence of the strengths of monitoring and evaluation team on project success; the influence of monitoring and evaluation plan on project success; the influence of monitoring and evaluation approaches on project success; the influence of monitoring and evaluation information on project success; and the moderating role of managerial skills on the relationship between monitoring and evaluation practices and project success. The study involved 315 members of the college management teams from all 35 public teachers’ colleges in Tanzania Mainland and 5 ministerial education officials. The study employed a mixed methods approach in which data were collected by using survey and interview methods. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, structural equation modelling and content analysis. The findings revealed that, the strengths of monitoring and evaluation team, monitoring and evaluation plan, monitoring and evaluation approaches and monitoring and evaluation information were all positively and significantly related to project success. Moreover, the findings revealed a negative and significant moderating effect of managerial skills on the relationship between monitoring and evaluation and project success. The study recommends for enhanced capacity building to the college management team members; more time investment on preparation of monitoring and evaluation plans; ensure effective data collection systems; and regular preparation and dissemination of project reports.
Key Words: Monitoring and Evaluation, Managerial Skills, Project Success, College Management Team
Regulatory Framework for Termination of Public Service Employment in Tanzania.
No full textThis study examines the regulatory framework governing termination of public service employment in Tanzania, with emphasis on procedural fairness, impartiality, and alignment with international labour standards. The research problem arises from concerns about arbitrary dismissal, inadequate safeguards, and institutional weaknesses within the Public Service Act [Cap 298 R.E. 2023] and the Public Service Regulations, 2022. Using a doctrinal methodology, the study analyses statutory provisions, case law, and scholarly literature. Findings show inconsistencies in applying termination procedures, limited independence of dispute-settlement bodies, and procedural duplication between disciplinary authorities and appellate institutions. The study recommends legal reforms to enhance impartiality, strengthen institutional oversight, and harmonize domestic rules with international standards
Effect of Motivation on Employee Productivity in the Banking Industry: A Case of People’s Bank of Zanzibar.
No full textThe objective of the research was to examine the effect of employee productivity at the PBZ on how employees may affect production capacity in response to motivational efforts. The study population included 172 employees, whereby 160 respondents were fully engaged from various departments in PBZ. Data was collected using a questionnaire and was later analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression analysis. The findings summarized that the relationships between the independent variables (promotion, recognition, job design) and the dependent variable (employee productivity) were linear; hence, the regression analysis assumptions were met, which ensures a positive relationship between motivational factors and productivity. The study concludes that promotion, recognition, and job design have a significant positive relationship with employee productivity. These highlight the importance of effective motivation strategies in enhancing employee performance and achieving organizational goals. The study recommends the need to improve the current motivation package by incorporating intrinsic factors such as promotion, recognition, and support for career achievement. It also recommends improving extrinsic motivation factors such as good working conditions, job roles, and extra duty allowance, which influence greater job design strategies. This will help the optimum utilization of human resources as well as increase employees’ productivity. Furthermore, there is a vital need to develop an organizational motivation policy that will help the PBZ-Office management properly use the motivation function.
Keywords: Motivation, Employee productivity, Promotion, Recognition, and Job Design
The Effects of Working Environment on Employees' Performance: A Case Study of the Special Departments in Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar.
No full textThis study examined the effect of the working environment on employee performance at the Ministry of State, President's Office, Regional Administration and Local Government, Zanzibar. It focused on three objectives: assessing the effect of physical factors, psychological factors (motivation and job satisfaction), and social factors (workplace relationships and communication) on performance. Guided by Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, the study used a positivist philosophy, quantitative approach, and explanatory design with a case study strategy. A sample of 169 respondents was drawn from a population of 300 through stratified and simple random sampling. Data were collected via structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression. Results showed that physical, psychological, and social factors significantly and positively affected performance, with physical factors having the strongest effect (β = 0.389, p < 0.05), followed by psychological (β = 0.372) and social factors (β = 0.361). This suggests that improvements in these areas are closely linked to enhanced performance. The study concludes that improving physical conditions and fostering a supportive work culture with strong leadership, communication, and relationships is vital. It recommends that public institutions, especially the Ministry, invest in infrastructure, implement motivation and recognition programs, and promote social cohesion through training and inclusive leadership to sustain high employee performance and well-being.
Keywords: Working Environment, Employee Performance, Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, Physical Factors, Psychological Factors, Social Factors, Zanzibar Public Secto