IPTEK The Journal of Engineering
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Effect of Steam Delignification and Bleaching Process on Pineapple Leaf Fiber as Textile Raw Material
Full text linkPineapple is a local commodity in Indonesia that is widely cultivated. The part of the pineapple plant that is mostly used is only the fruit part, while the other plant parts are discarded and become waste. Pineapple leaves contain high fiber content of cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose, so it is very potential if used as an alternative textile raw material. The quality of pineapple leaf fiber can be improved by going through a delignification process using an alkaline solvent with the appropriate concentration and time. This research determine the effect of delignification of pineapple leaf fiber with a solution of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) and water (H2O) on tensile strength, lignin content and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). This research consist of six stages including delignification using 3% NaOH and 3% H2O2, washing, neutralization, preservation, and analysis of pineapple leaf fiber products. The results obtained are pineapple leaf fiber lignin test after delignification and bleaching, the best lignin results are steam delignification at 80°C with 3% NaOH solution and bleaching solution using NaOCl solution obtained 21% lignin content with a tensile strength test of 0.263 kgf/mm2. SEM analysis also showed that there was a loss of material from the fiber surface which indicated that there was degradation due to the addition of bleaching solution. This proves that alkaline treatment can also cause discoloration of natural fibers due to the removal of natural dyes in natural fibers
Image Processing and CFD Simulation Method Comparison in Determining and Visualizing Fluid Flow of a Marine UAV
Full text linkAn investigation of marine UAV performance with various designs have done successfully. The analysis was based on resistance criteria identification both aerodynamically and hydrodynamic. The calculations were conducted with the assistance of image processing as the experimental attempt and High-Fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software code to simulate the fluid flow on the fuselage designs, pontoons, and image processing. Both methods compared to acquire the silver line in which way they can collaborate to create new way of testing. Furthermore, mathematical calculations and Image processing works refereeing were also performed as the attempt for validations and conclusio
Environmental Effects of Sulphate on Conventional Concrete Based on Portland Composite Cement
Full text linkConcrete performances have weaknesses; one of those weaknesses is that it is significantly affected when put in a high sulfate and chloride environment. This study aims to investigate sulfate's effect on PCC concrete's performance. In this research, PCC concrete was immersed in water for 28 days and conducted after the casting. After being soaked in water, three immersed specimens were removed and immersed in magnesium sulfate solution for 24 days and 84 days, whereas three others were removed and immersed in natrium sulfate solution for 24 days and 84 days. The observation showed that PCC concrete's average compressive strength test with water immersion was 42.17 Mpa. It meets the SNI 2847:2019 Indonesian standard for sulfate classification S1. The specimens decreased to 30.74 Mpa after being soaked in the magnesium sulfate solution for 28 days and again reduced to 25.39 Mpa at 84 days. The average compressive strength of specimens bathed in the sodium sulfate solution for 28 days was 32.19 Mpa. It decreased to 28.03 Mpa at the age of 84 days. The results of this study show that the compressive strength of PCC concrete soaked in sodium sulfate meets the SNI 2847:2019 standard for sulfate classification S1, which is more than 28 Mpa. The compressive strength of PCC concrete immersed in magnesium sulfate for 1 month (28 days) is more than 28 MPa. It meets the standard as well. Yet, the compressive strength of PCC concrete soaked in magnesium sulfate for 3 months (84 days) does not meet the standard
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Simulation of Mixing Tank at Milk Powder Factory to Reduce Material Losses
Full text linkIndustrial milk powder production applies the principle of a spray dryer. In the powdered milk industry using a spray dryer, there are still some problems in actual conditions such as fouling in the heat exchanger and losses. Losses are lost material or time so that result in losses for the company. The importance of finding material losses as soon as possible it is possible to make a solution so that initially unknown material is wasted in vain can be used as a finished good. Steps taken to resolve the problem material losses is to identify problems and data by making mapping losses according to actual conditions. After that, a CFD mixing tank simulation can be performed on Ansys with the aim of the simulation is to get the contour of the foaming phenomenon and find out the height the phenomenon of foaming (foam) with the properties set up begins at the beginning of making geometric designs with the size of the tank is 3.5 m and uses a marine propeller type, then proceeds with meshing In geometry, meshing here uses the automatic meshing method due to the limited analysis students. after that the solving stage is carried out by inputting data such as density, viscosity and input multiphase (mixture), viscous (Large Eddy Simulation), as the boundary conditions of the geometry, after that by making a plane from the results of running to form a plane in geometry, then choose the results of the contour volume fraction to find out the phenomena that occur in mixing tank so that conclusions and solutions can be drawn. Based on the results of data analysis and the field in the form of mapping and data on quantity losses, there are still some material losses in the form of wet and dry losses that have not been identified, initially the percentage ratio of material losses is 40.57% to 9%. One of the biggest contributors to material wet losses is mixing tanks which simulated until it is known that there is a foaming phenomenon. It interferes with the way it works level sensor which causes less maximum withdrawal of milk liquid by the pump. The best solution right way to reduce losses that occur in the mixing tank is to close the valve mixing tank output when showing 1.8% or can be rounded to 2% for safety pump. The liquid that is used as a product is 270 liters which is equivalent to 113 kg. If the calculation is carried out, the company can store 8,505 kg/month of powder
Smart Urban Farming Based on Internet of Things Using Soil Moisture Control and Application of Liquid Fertilizer to Mustard
Full text linkSoil conditions significantly impact plant growth. Liquid fertilizer is used to optimize plant growth, and soil moisture is crucial too. Insufficient moisture causes withering, while excess leads to reduced soil oxygen. To monitor soil moisture, researchers developed an IoT-based Smart Urban Farming device using ESP32 microcontroller and 6 soil moisture sensors. The system operates through CNC Milling with X and Z axes movement. ADC pin on ESP32 reads sensor values, controlled and monitored by thinger.io. The device can work automatically or manually. Input and output testing ensures performance assessment. Soil moisture sensor testing yields 2091-3998 bits range, stepper motor testing shows 1.96% highest error, and water pump testing takes 0.05 seconds/milliliter. Mustard plants use a 60% set point for soil moisture, and the pump activates at 55%. The device shows good performance with an error range of 0.03% - 0.08%, demonstrating the effectiveness of the smart urban farming system
Performance Test Membrane Contactor for CO2 Desorption from DEA
Full text linkMembrane-based desorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) using a membrane contactor is considered a novel process for separating CO2 from solvents. It can be carried out using temperature regeneration, sweep gas, and vacuum method. In this work, the vacuum regeneration method is applied in the CO2 desorption process from 30% wt of diethanolamine (DEA) solution. This study investigates the effect of operating parameters such as liquid flowrate, vacuum pressure, and CO2 loading on the mass transfer rate and desorption efficiency of CO2. The highest mass transfer rate of 2.2013 × 10-7 mol/m2s is achieved at a liquid flowrate of 500 mL/min, CO2 loading of 0.27 mol CO2/mol DEA, and vacuum pressure of 50 cmHg while the maximum desorption efficiency of 71.45% is achieved at lower liquid flowrate of 100 mL/min, CO2 loading of 0.27 mol CO2/mol DEA, and vacuum pressure of 50 cmHg. The result demonstrates that membrane contactor is a promising method for the CO2 desorption process which requires further investigation.
Sulphate Resistance of Geopolymer Concrete Based on High Calcium Fly Ash
Full text linkThe inclusion of fly ash class C, which is widely available locally, can influence the progress of strength and durability qualities of geopolymer concrete when exposed to significant environmental conditions. Alternative geopolymer combinations appropriate for curing at ambient temperatures were employed to investigate the impacts of fly ash class C based geopolymer concrete. To react with fly ash class C, a combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate alkaline activator was used. Fly ash class C was added as 20% of the total binder without using ordinary Portland cement. The durability of fly ash class C based geopolymer concrete in sulphate environments was tested. The changes in weight, length and compressive strength due to exposure in magnesium sulphate solution for different periods of time were determined. The test results demonstrate that fly ash class C based geopolymer concrete cured at normal temperatures has good resistance to sulphate attack. In general, inclusion of fly ash class C in geopolymer concrete improved strength and performed satisfactorily in sulphate environments when cured in ambient temperature
Pressure and Flow Control System to Prevent Drinking Water Pipe Leaks
Full text linkThe distribution of water through pipes experienced an average water loss of 35%. This is caused by a lack of pipe management, measurement tool management, and pressure management. In this study, a drinking water company miniplant was made using PVC pipe as a simulation to show the action of the solenoid valve as a pressure controller and water flow rate against leakage. This study monitors pressure differences and flow rates. Global valve acts as an actuator to control flow pressure while ball valve acts as an actuator to control flow rate. The results of the validation of the pressure sensor, on average the four sensors produce an accuracy of 99.587% and an inaccuracy of 0.413%. The results of the flow sensor validation, the average of the four sensors produces an accuracy of 97.558% and an inaccuracy of 2.442%. The results of system testing on the solenoid valve pressure control, work according to the set point in controlling pressure. The results of system testing on the solenoid valve pipe leakage control, work according to the set point in controlling pipe leakage but the ratio is high. The ratio is too high because the flow after the solenoid valve is getting slower, but the flow before the solenoid valve is still moving to fill the empty space in the pipe until there is no water flow
Calculation and Design of Transmission System in the Design of Empty Palm Oil Fruit Bunches Chopper Machine with a Capacity of 100 Kg / Hour
Full text linkThe waste of empty palm fruit bunches (EFB) as compost material and as fiber material needs to go through a decomposition and chopping process to simplify the processing process. The empty palm fruit bunches (EFB) chopping machine has now been developed in various regions using various types of transmission, propulsion, and also various models. The design of chopping machines is also increasingly diverse in line with the increasing market demand for processed products from empty palm fruit bunches (EFB). Based on these conditions, an appropriate transmission system is needed to lighten the workload of the machine, increase production yields, and save production costs. From the results of the research, it was found that the empty palm fruit bunches chopping machine with a total capacity of 100 kg / hour was tested. The machine is driven by an electric motor with a power of 4 kW and a rotational speed of 1440 rpm, which is transmitted using a pulley and belt open drive transmission system. The power from the machine is transmitted to the cutting section to chop the empty palm fruit bunches wel
Characterization of Type-III Resistant Starch Produced by High Shear Mixing Combined with Membrane Separation
Full text linkThere are five types of resistant starch and the most commonly used as functional food is type-III resistant starch (RS-III), which is a retrograded of gelatinized starch that is conventionally produced by heating and cooling treatment. This study characterized the RS-III produced by an unconventional method by modification of high shear mixing (HSM) combined with membrane microfiltration from cassava starch. A starch/water mixture with a concentration of 1/20 w/v was gelatinized in the HSM reactor at 95°C for 15 minutes and then separated using membrane microfiltration. The separated permeate was cooled to the retrogradation process. The products were characterized by iodine, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Total Dietary Fiber (TDF) content. The highest amylose content that can be achieved was 15.3% with a degree of crystallinity of 8.58%. The higher HSM speed significantly increased the TDF content in RS-III products up to 12.33%