IPTEK The Journal of Engineering
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Ketalization of Glycerol and Acetone to Solketal: Effect of Temperature, Concentration & Mathematical Model
Full text linkSolketal is a viable method for using glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel production. This study aims to identify the optimal operating parameters for solketal compounds generated from the glycerol ketalization reaction with acetone by using mathematical models that effectively forecast an appropriate framework for this process. This research consists of three critical phases: the ketalization reaction of glycerol with acetone, the characterization of the result solketal products, and the ketalization reaction utilizing the Amberlite IR 120 Na catalyst. The process begins by introducing glycerol and acetone in a mole ratio of 1:3, followed by mechanical Stirring at 500 rpm. The temperature is regulated using a water bath to maintain a constant reaction temperature under specified conditions of 20 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C, with catalyst masses of 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%. The mathematical model used is of exponential and polynomial order 2. The findings indicated that the optimal glycerol conversion of 46.01% was attained at 50 °C, using a 5% catalyst concentration throughout a reaction duration of 120 minutes. Second-order polynomial regression is the most appropriate mathematical model to represent this process
The Effect of Build Orientation on Liquid Absorption and Wear of 3D-Printed Denture Materials
Full text linkUp till now, denture has been widely used for resolving dental problems, especially those due to attrition. The attrition of tooth enamel could lead to wear and lowering the functions of normal teeth. So far, denture is made conventionally by using heat curing method in a mold. However, the complex geometries of teeth and oral cavity has led to the use of the more advanced techniques, such as additive manufacturing. In this research, the denture material fabricated by using digital light processing (DLP) additive manufacturing was studied in term of their liquid absorption capability and wear behavior. The specimen was printed with three build orientations, namely 0°/180°, 90°/90°, and 45°/135°. These are the degree between printing direction against sliding direction. An immersion and wear test were carried out in artificial saliva liquid. The result showed the lowest weight gain and dimensional change in the specimens printed with 90°/90° and 45°/135°. Meanwhile, the specimens prepared with build orientation of 0°/180° or printed with layer parallel to sliding direction demonstrated the smallest value of wear factor, indicating a better wear resistance compared to the others. A visual examination of the worn surface indicated delamination, abrasion and cracking as the possible wear mechanisms of the printed denture materials
Algaboost: A Smart Cultivation Photobioreactor Combining UV-B Induction and ANN-Based Control for Enhanced Lipid Production in Microalgae Botryococcus braunii
Full text linkThe production of biodiesel from microalgae presents a sustainable solution to global energy challenges, particularly through the utilization of Botryococcus braunii, known for its high lipid yield. However, conventional cultivation methods remain constrained by manual monitoring and limited process optimization, resulting in suboptimal lipid productivity. This study introduces Algaboost, an intelligent photobioreactor that integrates UV-B induced stress with Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based environmental control to enhance lipid accumulation in B. braunii. The system was designed with real-time sensor feedback, automated fluid control, and a graphical user interface (GUI) to facilitate dynamic cultivation management. The ANN model, trained on a dataset of 119 entries, successfully predicted optimal cultivation set points (pH 6.0; salinity 30.1 ppt) and demonstrated reliable performance as a software sensor. Under these conditions, a lipid yield of 41.49% was achieved, with 20.83% TAG content, suitable for biodiesel synthesis. The findings validate the feasibility of combining machine learning and photobiological stress in a semi-autonomous platform, offering a scalable approach to renewable fuel production. Algaboost not only improves operational efficiency but also marks a step toward adaptive, data-driven bioprocessing for sustainable energy systems.
Green Synthesis of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Cabbage Waste (Brassica Oleracea L.) Using Steam Explosion and Low-Concentration Chemical Treatment
Full text linkThe increasing generation of agricultural waste presents both environmental challenges and opportunities for the development of sustainable materials. This study explores the extraction of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from cabbage waste using a combination of steam explosion and low-concentration chemical treatments to optimize lignocellulose degradation. The process involved sequential delignification with NaOH, bleaching with NaOCl, and steam explosion applied to samples that had been soaked in oxalic acid at varying concentrations (0%–2%). After drying, the samples were analyzed using FTIR, XRD, and SEM to evaluate the extracted MCC product. The analytical results showed that the applied method significantly increased cellulose purity, from 31.05% in untreated fibers to 69.88% after steam explosion following soaking in 2% oxalic acid. FTIR analysis confirmed the removal of lignin and hemicellulose, while XRD analysis indicated an increase in crystallinity from 39% to 57%, suggesting improved structural integrity. SEM analysis revealed enhanced fiber separation and reduced particle size, indicating efficient defibrillation. These results highlight the potential of an environmentally friendly approach to producing high-quality MCC, supporting green chemistry principles and sustainable development goals (SDGs). eThe extracted MCC holds promising applications, particularly as a biopolymer for drug delivery systems, polymer composites, and food additives
Dual Mode: Establishing a Line-of-Sight Communication and Object Detection using Infrared Sensor Module
Full text linkMiniature wheeled mobile robot is a very reliable and feasibly cheap material for robotic research. The cheap mobile robot can be repurposed for other task. This paper especially highlights the implementation of mobile robot for navigation. One of the purpose of navigation is to avoid collision. One of the most prevailing usage for object avoidance is infrared module. However, infrared signal can also be used for direct communication. In this paper, a dual mode function of infrared sensor module is presented. Using the same infrared module, communication and object detection are established. The proposed infrared module and switching algorithm are applied to a group of Arduino powered wheeled mobile robots. Preliminary lab-scaled tests show that the solution proposed in this paper perform well. Using an artificial experimental setup, the result shows that 19 out of 20 experiments (at 95% probability) were successful of detecting an object. The result also shows that 18 out of 20 simulations (at 90% probability) were able to successfully conduct a communication
Water Quality Control System and Automatic Feeding Based on The Internet of Things for GoldFish
Full text linkWater quality affects fish survival and growth. Research on water quality management of aquaculture ponds can improve fish growth. Physical parameters of water quality, such as temperature, acidity, total dissolved solids and turbidity, affect fish growth. Feeding is also important, as fish require adequate feed intake. Improper use of feed can affect water quality indicators. Automatic water quality control and feeding systems have been developed with wireless technology and sensors of various functions. Data sent to mobile devices allows administrators to monitor air quality in fish farms. The creation of an automatic water metering device controlled through a smartphone was also carried out. This research aims to create an automatic water quality stabilization and feeding system for good fish growth
Control System for Pakcoy Hydroponic Cultivation with Nutrient Film Technique based on Internet of Things
Full text linkWhen applying the hydroponic method, there are several main factors that need to be looked at, such as nutrition and pH. This research involves the design of a Nutrient and pH Monitoring and Control System for Hydroponic Plants Based on the Internet of Things (IoT) with closed loop control. This system aims to make it easier for farmers to manage their crops in all conditions by monitoring nutritional needs, pH levels and overall plant health from anywhere using a smartphone. Based on research that has been carried out, the Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) sensor shows an accuracy of up to 99.3%, with an error margin of 2.43% and a correction value of 2.43 ppm. The pH sensor has an accuracy of up to 99.35%, with an error of 0.039%, and a correction of 0.039. The JSN-04 ultrasonic sensor has an accuracy of up to 100%, with 0% error, and 0 cm correction. In plants that are cultivated using a control system, the height gain is more significant than plants without a control system
Design of an Integrated Temporary Storage for Hazardous and Toxic Material Wastes 4.0 Case Study in The Department of Industrial Chemical Engineering
Full text linkThe Department of Industrial Chemical Engineering is one of the departments within the Faculty of Vocation at Institut Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya (ITS). It has four laboratories. The activities conducted in these laboratories, both in terms of practical work and research, generate hazardous and toxic waste that should be stored in a temporary waste storage facility. Temporary storage is crucial for safely containing hazardous and toxic Hazardous waste until it can be properly processed, disposed of, or transported to a permanent storage location. The primary goals of this facility are containment, separation, safety, and compliance with environmental regulations. The design and features of the facility play a crucial role in ensuring the effectiveness of temporary storage. Secondary containment structures, chemical compatibility measures, ventilation systems, safety protocols, and emergency response equipment are the primary components of this facility. These elements work together to prevent leaks, control chemical reactions, disperse hazardous vapours, maintain safety, and enable rapid emergency response. This research provides knowledge on the design of temporary storage facilities for hazardous and toxic materials, with technical specifications following regulations. Effective temporary storage management can protect human health and the environment and promote sustainable waste management practices
Effect of Variation of Adsorbent and pH Doses on Boron Adsorption Using DMAPAA-co-DMAPAAQ Hydrogel
Full text linkBoron is very dangerous for living things. The boron concentration allowed for drinking water is less than 1 mg/L. If not standard, boron causes nausea, lethargy, diarrhea, vomiting, dermatitis, and a risk of miscarriage in pregnant women. Thus, this research investigated the effect of variations in adsorbent dosage and pH on boron adsorption using the DMAPAA-co-DMAPAAQ hydrogel. The research began with the hydrogel synthesis process, which continued with the batch-mode sorption study. Based on research results, the higher the adsorbent dosage, the more boron is adsorbed. The highest removal percentage with an adsorbent amount of 0.5 g/L was 19.89% for pH 3, and for an adsorbent dosage of 2 g/L was 19.52% for pH 9. The highest percent removal was at pH 11. The DMAPAA-co-DMAPAAQ hydrogel adsorbent is shown to be environmentally friendly compared to commercial resins because the commercial resins are not biodegradable, making them difficult to recycle, causing more damage to the environment
Development and Analysis of an Innovative Precast Concrete U-Shell Beam
Full text linkPrecast concrete offers several advantages compared to conventional systems; precast concrete structure technology has become a strategy to enhance standardization, quality control, labor efficiency, and reduce environmental impact and construction pollution. The U-Shell precast beam is a reinforced concrete beam with a 'U' shape designed to enhance practicality and expedite the construction process as it does not require additional formwork and shoring during implementation. The U-Shell beam functions as a permanent formwork, and its design follows either monolithic or conventional methods. In multi-story buildings, using U-Shell beam can increase practical value, reduce costs, and improve time efficiency because they do not require additional formwork and scaffolding in the implementation application. This research involves the development of U-Shell precast beams, structure loading considering various loads, modeling using computer program to determine the structural reactions on each element, reinforcement design for the U-Shell beam structure, and analysis of the lifting and assembly of U-Shell precast beam. The building selected for reviewing U-Shell beams is the Building with a Special Moment Resisting Frame System. From the results of the analysis, the researcher drew several conclusions regarding the reinforcement design for the U-Shell beam under both conditions. In the condition before composite, the number of installed main reinforcements is 6 with a diameter of 13 mm, while in the condition after composite, the number increases to 8 with a diameter of 16 mm. Lifting reinforcement requires a diameter of 10 mm. The difference in reinforcement between before composite and after composite conditions is because before the composite the beam is still receiving self-load, whereas for the after composite condition the change in moment occurs. After all, the beam has received self-load and other loads. The development and analysis of an innovative precast concrete U-Sheel beam has complied with strength and serviceability