Journal of Technology Management & Innovation
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Norm Transfer in US Technology Transfer: A Lesson for Policy Makers
Get PDFSocial norms wield significant influence in public policy development. This paper offers a description of four norms that influence technology transfer within and between US institutions. These norms are located within the three environments of the US policy system: policy formation, policy implementation, and policy evaluation. Introducing the concept of ‘norm transfer’, we argue that norms cannot be assumed to permeate the entire policy system and that some prominent norms are in fact influential only in one or two of the policy environments. We demonstrate this idea using the case of technology transfer in the US, and suggest that understanding the role of norms in technology transfer is essential for improving the ability of universities and research labs to serve the public good. Our intention is to help policy makers better understand the influence of norms in the process of designing policy.Las normas sociales ejercen una influencia significativa en el desarrollo de políticas públicas. Este trabajo de investigación ofrece una descripción de cuatro normals que influyen la transferencia de tecnología entre instituciones estadounidenses. Estas normas se encuentran dentro de tres ambientes del sistema político estadounidense: formación de políticas, implementación de políticas, y evaluación de políticas. Al introducir el concepto de “transferencia de normas”, nuestro argumento es no asumir que las normas han sido absorbidas por el sistema político en su totalidad y que algunas normas prominentes en realidad solamente ejercen una influencia en uno o dos ambientes políticos. Demostramos esta idea usando el caso de la transferencia de tecnología en los Estados Unidos, y sugerimos que al comprender el papel de las normas en la transferencia de tecnología es esencial para mejorar la habilidad con la que cuentan universidades y laboratorios de investigación para contribuir al beneficio público. Nuestra intención es ayudar a aquellos involucrados en el proceso de crear políticas comprender de mejor manera la influencia de las normas en el proceso del diseño de políticas
El Ecosistema Emprendedor en las Principales Instituciones de Enseñanza e Investigación Agrícola de México
Get PDFThis study analyzes the entrepreneurship associated with the two most important agricultural universities in Mexico to recognize the actors that interact in this process in order to propose actions that enhance the transfer of knowledge from the academy to the productive sector. Through a qualitative study, the structure and functions of the actors involved in the entrepreneurial ecosystem of these institutions were identified. It is concluded that the universities studied generate knowledge and technological developments with the possibility of commercial utility. However, most of them are not commercialized because their promotion is left to the responsibility of entrepreneurs, so that the results of the analyzed ecosystem are circumstantial and are not the result of a well-defined strategy. For this reason, changes are proposed in the roles in the structures of the institutions that allow them to develop towards entrepreneurial universities.Este estudio analiza el emprendimiento asociado a las dos universidades agropecuarias más importantes de México para reconocer a los actores que interaccionan en este proceso a fin de proponer acciones que potencialicen la transferencia de conocimiento de la academia hacia el sector productivo. A través de un estudio cualitativo se identificó la estructura y funciones de los actores involucrados en el ecosistema emprendedor de estas instituciones. Se concluye que las universidades estudiadas generan conocimientos y desarrollos tecnológicos con posibilidad de utilidad comercial. No obstante, la mayoría de ellos no son llevados al mercado debido a que su promoción queda a cargo de los emprendedores, de forma que los resultados del ecosistema analizado son más bien circunstanciales y no son resultado de una estrategia bien definida. Por ello, se proponen cambios en los roles en las estructuras de las instituciones que les permitan evolucionar hacia universidades emprendedoras
Is It Because I Can or Because of Who I Am? : The moderating effect of entrepreneurs’ social identity on entrepreneurial self-efficacys\u27 - entrepreneurial intention relationship
Get PDFThe main purpose of this paper is to examine whether potential entrepreneurs are mainly driven by entrepreneurial skills or by a social identity to engage in entrepreneurial behaviors. Using a sample of 696 Colombian students from the data of Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students‘Survey (GUESSS), findings confirm Darwinian and Missionary social identity influence entrepreneurial intention positively. Furthermore, we find that the more a person identifies with a Darwinian social identity, the less entrepreneurial intention depends on entrepreneurial self-efficacy, while the contrary happens for missionary social identity. This study provides empirical evidence that competence, and identification influence the entrepreneurial process. Additionally, this study provides an explanation in a new setting, about why some individuals with strong entrepreneurial self-efficacy do not exhibit strong entrepreneurial intention
Re-establecimiento de la patente provisional en Chile ¿incentivo al emprendimiento e innovación?
No full textProvisional patent in Chile: Procedure, advantages, and incentives to innovateThe production of knowledge and information results in the improvement of living standards. Economic development has determined that theproducers of this knowledge must be adequately rewarded for their inventions, considering that innovation and the solution for problems that affect people’s productivity and quality of life must be protected. These rewards include property rights granted by an invention patent. However, in the invention process, there is a time when the inventor needs testing or experimenting for his innovation, and it will become public without the protection of a final patent application. In this situation and to protect the creative process, it is functional to introduce a type of provisional patent. It will last for a while until the request for a nonprovisional patent. This article analyzes the provisional patent and its re-introduction into the Chilean law of intellectual property from a comparative and historical perspective. The production of knowledge and information results in the improvement of living standards. Economic development has determined that the producers of this knowledge must be adequately rewarded for their inventions, considering that innovation and the solution of problems that affect people\u27s productivity and quality of life must be protected. These rewards include property rights granted by an invention patent. However, there is a time when the inventor is in the need of testing or making experiments for his innovation, therefore his investigation will become public and still cannot file a final patent application. For this situation, and to protect the creative process, a type of provisional patent is considered useful, which will last for a while until the request for a nonprovisional patent. This article analyzes the provisional patent and its re-introduction into the Chilean system of intellectual property rights, from a comparative and historical perspective
Customers’ Perception of Business Model Innovation in Social Enterprises in Mexico
Get PDFSocial enterprises need to identify an innovative and differentiated business model to more efficiently meet the needs of their clients and survive in the long term. However, research on customer perception of this innovation is scant. Therefore, the objective of this research was to explore the effect of socially responsible consumption on the business model innovation perceived by clients of social enterprises in the service sector and its effect on satisfaction and loyalty. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted with 400 customers of social enterprises in the services sector in Mexico. Results showed that socially responsible consumption had a positive influence of perceived business model innovation. Perceived business model innovation had a direct, positive influence on customer satisfaction and an indirect positive influence on loyalty. The implications of the results were discussed.Las empresas sociales necesitan identificar un modelo de negocio innovador y diferenciado para satisfacer de manera más eficiente las necesidades de sus clientes y sobrevivir a largo plazo. Sin embargo, la investigación sobre la percepción de los clientes sobre esta innovación es escasa. Por tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue explorar el efecto del consumo socialmente responsable en la innovación del modelo de negocio percibido por los clientes de las empresas sociales del sector servicios y su efecto en la satisfacción y fidelización. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo transversal con 400 clientes de empresas sociales del sector servicios en México. Los resultados mostraron que el consumo socialmente responsable tuvo una influencia positiva en la percepción de la innovación del modelo de negocio. Esta última tuvo una influencia directa y positiva en la satisfacción del cliente y una influencia positiva indirecta en la lealtad. Se discutieron las implicaciones de los resultados
Do Large Firms Pursue More Process Innovation? A Case of Canadian Manufacturing Industries
Get PDFWe test the Cohen & Klepper cost-spreading process share hypotheses using unique data from two national innovation surveys (2009 and 2012). To our knowledge, no other study has the same combination as our dataset, in terms of robust data from a mandatory survey, large sample size, diverse measures for innovation output, and no sample selection bias. We use two direct measures of innovation to test the CK hypothesis: R&D expenditure and the number of innovations. An outcome variable that counts the number of innovations can be easier for respondents to recall from memory and they may reflect the firm’s activities more accurately. Using direct measures of innovation eliminates three forms of bias emanating from patents. Our results show that the CK hypotheses can be supported with the aggregated sample, but the results are weak for separate industries. The count-based process share provides statistically superior results to the expenditure-based process share
Creative University: A Definition and Activities Management Based on the Completion of Key Performance Indicator (KPI)
Get PDFThe study’s objectives are to make a definition of Creative University and describe the activities management towards creative university based on the Key Performance Indicator (KPI) completion. Universities have KPI which consists of Index of Activities Performance (IAP) and Index of Main Performance (IMP) with the constraints of time and cost. Creative University is a university with creative activities such that the completion of KPI is accomplished within shorter duration and less cost. There are three activities management to accelerate the KPI completion those are creating activities that could minimize the distance between IAP and IMP, creating the schedule of activities, and managing the schedule based on the strategy of academic phases in university
Social Influence and mPOS Use: The Effects of Gender
Get PDFMobile points of sale become popular as countries migrate to cashless approaches. Small and medium enterprises embrace the technology, and users are attracted to it due to its benefits compared to traditional points of sale. However, scant literature refers to its use in emerging countries despite the relevance of small companies for such economies. This research presents a model of mobile point of sale use in Mexico based on a survey of graduate and undergraduate students. The study uses structural equation modeling to relate variables such as awareness and social influence with gender interaction. Results indicate that social influence influences awareness of the technology and is higher in males than in females. This study suggests that the mobile point of sale service providers in Mexico should consider social influence in their advertising. As users, men should be aware that social influence may influence their decision to use the technology
Breakthrough y innovación disruptiva: una reflexión teórica
No full textThe aim of this paper is a theoretical reflection which attempt is to define the breakthrough and disruptive innovation phenomena. For many years, scholars have studied the different forms of innovation and have provided new definitions and proposed different approaches to this topic. An issue discussed in this work is the differences between disruptive and breakthrough innovations, which can be perceived as similar but are producing different effects in the industry and market structure, and as well in the product structure and the technological approach to develop an innovation. This paper aims to develop a univocal meaning in the literature, differentiating the two phenomena, and provides a framework for the analysis of the different forms of technological change, studying its pervasive influence on our economy
The Impact of Absorptive Capacity on Innovation in Peru
Get PDFThis research aims to determine absorptive capacity’s impact on innovation in SMEs in Peru. SMEs in Latin America tend to be characterized by technological backwardness, and innovations, if any, tend to be incremental in nature. In Peru, more than half of innovation activities are destined to the acquisition of capital goods. In this sense, rather than generate innovation, SMEs tend to adopt existing innovations. Thus, in order to reap the benefits of innovation adoption, SMEs must possess a high degree of absorptive capacity, understood as the firm’s capacity to value external knowledge, assimilate, and exploit it towards commercial ends. In this respect, Innovate Peru, an innovation agency, grants subsidies to SMEs for facilitating innovation adoption. In collaboration between the public and academic sector, data was recollected from 88 SMEs that were granted this innovation subsidy. This paper contributes to the literature on absorptive capacity and innovation within Latin America, which has been vaguely studied. Likewise, it holds practical implications for top managers from SMEs who are looking to innovative, and policy implications for innovation policy makers, as it validates the effect of an innovation policy instrument