Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian
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STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN INDUSTRI BIODIESEL BERBASIS KELAPA DI MALUKU
Full text linkStrategy of biodiesel development base on coconut in MoluccasBiodiesel is an alternative fuel that can be produced from coconut oil through transesterification process using methanol and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as catalyst. Nowadays, the development of biodiesel is urgently required to reduce people burden due to the price and the uncertain supply of diesel fuel in small and remote islands. This paper gives the prospect of biodiesel development in Moluccas. The SWOT analysis results in the present study gave strategy for the development of coconut plantations in the Southeast and West of Southeast Moluccas Districts. Other strategy is for the development of biodiesel, that is useful especially for the people who live faraway from Ambon. The utilization of coconut is recommended not only for biodiesel, but also for product diversification. Alternative models/patterns of biodiesel development include a household, a small-micro, a commercial, or a nucleus-plasma pattern. Some steps are required to be carried out by the Government of Moluccas, namely: 1) establish a safe situation in Moluccas as some investors still hesitate to come there, 2) revitalize the existing coconut plantations, 3) establish integrated coconut agribusiness, starting from cultivation aspect, processing, up to marketing in various scales with corporate community orientation, 4) facilitate invest development and strengthening of local institutions, 5) push increase of biodiesel utilization as diesel fuel substitute, and 6) conduct technology transfer, training, and use unemployment people who graduated from the university as partner in business of biodiesel industry
Pemanfaatan Sari Kedelai Sebagai Bahan Pengencer Pengganti Kuning Telur Untuk Kriopreservasi Spermatozoa Hewan
Full text linkThe extenders commonly used for cryopreservation of spermatozoa are based on animal products such as egg yolk. Egg yolk contains cholesterol, phospholipid and low density protein which prevent the formation of ice crystals and protect the integrity of plasma membrane during cryopreservation process. Furthermore, egg yolk increased the risk of microbial contamination and related to the possible transmission of zoonotic agents. Soybeans are the products of vegetable protein is often used as an emulsifier in the production of food for humans and serves as a protection from the cold shock as well as low density protein in egg yolk. Several studies reported that soybean extenders for cryopreservation of spermatozoa produce the same quality or even better than the egg yolk based extenders and the optimal concentration of soy bean in the extenders forcryopreservation of spermatozoa at 0.8-1.5%.Key words : Soy bean, egg yolk, extender, cryopreservation, spermatozoaABSTRAKBahan pengencer yang biasa digunakan untuk kriopreservasispermatozoa didasarkan pada produk hewani seperti kuning telur. Kuning telur mengandung kolesterol, fosfolipid dan low density proteinyang dapat mencegah pembentukan kristal es sehingga melindungi integritas membran plasma terhadap kejutan dingin selama proses kriopreservasi. Namun penggunaan kuning telur menimbulkan kekhawatiran terutamapotensi peningkatan kontaminasi mikroba dan agen penularan zoonosis. Kacang kedelai merupakan produk protein nabati yang sering digunakan sebagai pengemulsi dalam produksi makanan untuk manusia dan berfungsi sebagai pelindung dari kejutan dingin sama halnya low density lipoproteinpada kuning telur. Beberapa hasil penelitian melaporkan bahwa bahan pengencer kacang kedelaiuntuk kriopreservasi spermatozoa menghasilkan kualitas yang sama atau bahkan lebih bagus dibandingkan dengan bahan pengencer berbasis kuning telur dan konsentrasi kacang kedelai yang optimal pada bahan pengencer untuk kriopreservasispermatozoa sebesar 0,8-1,5%.Kata kunci: Kacang kedelai, kuning telur, pengencer, kriopreservasi, spermatozo
Pengembangan Kedelai Di Papua: Potensi Lahan, Strategi Pengembangan, Dan Dukungan Kebijakan
Full text linkABSTRACTSoybean is one of startegies and important food crops in Indonesia. Soybean products are used for human consumption, animal feed, and a variety of non-food consumer and industrial products. They are considered a complete source of plant base protein because all of the essential amino acids are supplied. Soybean can be grown in a wide variety of soil and climate. More than 60% of Indonesia’s soybean consumption still needs to be imported from a broad in case of Papua, about 25% soybean demands is originated from Java island. To meet the needs that important to enhance domestic soybean production. There foreadditional plantations will have to be develop outside Java island such as Papua. Papua hasmany assets favouring soybean growing. Notable among these are significan 2,75 million ha land area. A highly favorable climate with abundant rainfall, farmers with ample know-how, availability high yielding varieties, existing market potential and a satisfactory economic and government institutional support. In the utilization of land farmer’s need to get coaching and accompanied by an intensively both in land preparation, cultivating maintenance harvesting and post-harvesting by agricultural extension by implementing a specific technology innovation particularly good or sertified seeds of high yielding adapted soybean variety. In line with those, the strategy priorties are development of a seed sector, rehabilitation of all the site previously developed for food crops growing areas, agricultural advice, mechanization at production and technology transfer, support for processing and marketing local price.Key words : Land potential, Papua, production, soybean, strategyABSTRAKKedelai adalah salah satu tanaman pangan yang startegis dan penting di Indonesia. Produk kedelai digunakan untuk bahan pangan, pakan ternak, dan berbagai produk olahan dan produk industri. Kedelai merupakan sumber protein nabati lengkap karena semua asam amino esensial yang terkandung didalamnya. Kedelai dapat tumbuh di berbagai kondisi tanah dan iklim. Lebih dari 60% dari konsumsi kedelai di Indonesia masih perlu diimpor dari luar negeri. Di Papua, sekitar 25% kebutuhan kedelai didatangkan dari pulau Jawa. Memenuhi kebutuhan kedelai tersebut yang terpenting adalah meningkatkan produksi kedelai dalam negeri. Oleh karena itu peningkatan budidaya kedelai perlu dikembangkan di luar pulau Jawa seperti Papua. Papua memiliki potensi yang tinggi untuk pengembangan kedelai. Adanya potensi lahan sekitar 2,75 juta ha, iklim yang sangat menguntungkan dengan curah hujan yang melimpah, tingkat pengetahuan petani yang cukup, ketersediaan varietas unggul, potensi pasar yang menjanjikan, kepuasan ekonomi dan dukungan lembaga pemerintah. Dalam pemanfaatan lahan, petani membutuhkan pembinaan dan pendampingan yang intensif mulai dari persiapan lahan, penanaman, pemeliharaan, panen dan pasca panen oleh penyuluh pertanian dengan menerapkan inovasi teknologi spesifik lokasi, khususnya benih yang baik atau bersertifikat dari varietas kedelai yang memiliki adaptasi yang tinggi. Sejalan dengan itu, strategi prioritas adalah juga pengembangan melalui sektor perbenihan, perbaikan lahan pengembangan tanaman pangan terlantar, perluasaan areal tanam, mekanisasi produksi dan transfer teknologi untuk mendukung proses produksi dan pemasaran. Kata kunci : Potensi lahan, Papua, produksi, kedelai, strategi
PEMANFAATAN BIOMASSA LIGNOSELULOSA AMPAS TEBU UNTUK PRODUKSI BIOETANOL
Full text linkUtilization of lignocellulosic biomass from sugarcane bagasse for bioethanol production Sugarcane bagasse is one of potential lignocellulosic biomass for energy through physical, chemical or biological conversion. The material is renewable and abundantly available, especially as wastes or by-products of sugarcane industries. Of many conversion processes, lignocellulosic conversion to ethanol becomes focus of interest recently, since ethanol can be further used as biofuel to substitute gasoline for transportation. Lignocellulosic material, including sugarcane bagasse mainly consists of three components, namely cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The conversion of these materials basically consists of pretreatment, cellulose hydrolysis, sugar fermentation to ethanol, and purification of ethanol. Production cost of this conversion is still high; therefore, many researches have been conducted to improve the conversion process, either pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation or purification, so that the cost could be reduced. This paper reviewed literatures on potential and characteristics of lignocellulosic materials, especially sugarcane bagasse, and conversion of these materials to ethanol. There is as much as 614,827 kL/year of ethanol potentially produced from sugarcane bagasse resulted from sugarcane factories in Indonesia. This amount of ethanol would have a great contribution to fulfill 1.10 million tons demand of ethanol. However, there are still some recalcitrans in production and implementation of lignocellulosic bioethanol, especially due to the unproven conversion technology of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol and the high production cost. Therefore, government policies in supporting research and development, providing special incentives for sugarcane factories that produced ethanol from sugarcane bagasse, and giving subsidy to reduce bioethanol price, are needed.Keywords: Sugar by products, lignocellulose, conversion, ethano
MEMBANGUN MOMENTUM BARU PEMBANGUNAN PEDESAAN DI INDONESIA
Full text linkDeveloping new momentum of rural development in IndonesiaMuch has happened in the new order era of the Indonesia rural development, including the achievement of a high level of rural economic growth and the development of physical infrastructure. At the same time, Indonesia still faces enormous rural development problems especially it has been far from equitably distributed opportunity among the people to participate in the rural development process itself. When we made some comparison with South Korea, in rural development with Saemaul Undong movement, there are two problems in Indonesia rural development which it related with the loss of the rural development momentum and lack of rural individual and community development. In the beginning of 1960’s, the Indonesia rural condition was relatively same with South Korea, poor infrastructure and massive poverty in rural area. The South Korea rural development based on the systematic human resources development and invested heavily in improving the infrastructure for agriculture production. The Korea government has to ease regulations related to farmland ownership, only farmers should be allowed to own farmland. Through these programs, the number of farmers in rural areas decline sharply and average household land ownership increase in the last twenty years. To accelerate the process of rural development in Indonesia, the government needs to establish a new momentum to capture and combine the spirit of individualities and active participation of the farmers as a part of rural community
Perubahan Iklim Dalam Konteks Sistem Produksi Dan Pengembangan Kopi Di Indonesia
Full text linkCoffee is one of the Indonesian largest export commodities and has a strategic role in the economy of nearly two million farmers’ livelihood. The potency of Indonesia’s coffee export is quite high because of its preferred taste, however the trend of national coffee production is only 1-2% per year. On the other hand, the impacts of climate change also threaten the achievement of increased production targets. This paper reviews the impact climate change on coffee production and the adaptation strategies. The main coffee producing regions in Indonesia are Aceh, North Sumatera, South Sumatera, Lampung, Bengkulu, East Java and South Sulawesi Provinces. Most of these regions are vulnerable to climate change. The increasing of extreme climate events such as drought due to El Niño causes a decline in national coffee production to 10%. On the contrary, the longer wet season due to La Niña caused the decreased coffee production to 80%. Indirect impacts due to rising temperatures are increased incidence of coffee borer and leaf rust disease which can lead to a 50% decline on coffee production. Due to rising temperatures, the projected coffee production areas are projected to shift to higher elevations. Numerous adaptive technologies have been intoduced, however adaptive capacaity of farmers are still low. This condition is exacerbated by the limited access of most farmers to climate information, markets, technology, farming credits, and climate risk management information. To overcome the problem, policy makers, stakeholders and farmers have to accelerate the adaptation practices since the climate change has occurred and will continue to happen.Keywords: Coffee, climate change, production, adaptation Top of Form AbstrakKopi merupakan salah satu komoditas ekspor yang berperan strategis dalam perekonomian hampir dua juta rumah petani di Indonesia. Potensi ekspor kopi Indonesia cukup tinggi karena cita rasanya yang disukai, namun tren peningkatan produksi kopi nasional hanya 1-2% per tahun. Di sisi lain, dampak perubahan iklim juga mengancam tercapainya target peningkatan produksi. Makalah ini merupakan tinjauan dampak perubahan iklim terhadap produksi kopi dan strategi adaptasinya di Indonesia. Daerah penghasil utama kopi seperti Aceh, Sumatera Utara, Sumatera Selatan, Lampung, Bengkulu, Jawa Timur dan Sulawesi Selatan rentan terhadap dampak perubahan iklim. Meningkatnya kejadian iklim ekstrim seperti kekeringan akibat El Niño mengakibatkan penurunan produksi kopi 10%. Sebaliknya, musim hujan yang panjang akibat La Niña menurunkan produksi kopi hingga 80%. Dampak tidak langsung perubahan iklim adalah meningkatnya serangan hama penggerek buah kopi dan penyakit karat daun yang menyebabkan penurunan produksi sekitar 50%. Akibat kenaikan suhu, sentra produksi kopi diproyeksikan akan berpindah ke wilayah dengan elevasi yang lebih tinggi. Berbagai teknologi adaptasi telah dihasilkan, namun tingkat adaptasi petani kopi umumnya masih rendah. Kondisi ini diperparah oleh terbatasnya akses sebagian besar petani terhadap informasi iklim, pasar, teknologi, kredit usaha tani, dan informasi pengelolaan risiko iklim. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, pengambil kebijakan, stakeholder, dan petani harus mengakselerasi upaya adaptasi karena perubahan iklim telah terjadi dan akan terus berlangsung.Kata kunci: Kopi, perubahan iklim, produksi, adaptas
STRATEGI KOMUNIKASI MEMBANGUN KEMANDIRIAN PANGAN
Full text linkCommunication strategy in developing food independencyRole of agricultural development communication is important to build food self-suffiency and diversification as the main base of food independency and food security. Food independency will be accomplished if its development comes from people initiative as an awareness to build modern farm industry with effective and efficient communication strategy support. Adoption of innovation technology by means of communication will boost productivity and product quality, decrease loss of production, increase value added of production with farmer empowerment and participation approach, and strengthen farmers' institutions and competitiveness. To empower the farmers, development of single commodity agribusiness cooperation such as rice or maize will facilitate transformation of information on technology and farm management from variety of sources for the farmers. Government policy to develop centers of agricultural information at production centers as agribusiness development area is required to build food independency and food diversification based on local production with effective communication system support. Communication information system based on cooperation and social capital with stakeholders partnership approaches (government, businessmen, university, research and development institutions, social institutions, etc) will accelerate accomplishment of food independency in suburb areas
Potensi Pengembangan Plastik Biodegradable Berbasis Pati Sagu Dan Ubikayu Di Indonesia
Full text linkPlastic is a packaging materials that are widely used but has an adverse impact on the environment because it is difficult to degrade in nature. Production technology of biodegradable plastics from natural resources that have characteristic environmentally friendly has developed. Starch-based biodegradable plastic is a widely developed type because the production process is simple and the raw materials more readily available. The starch of cassava and sago has potential as a raw material of biodegradable plastic because of the availability and its characteristic. Also, to make starch as the main ingredient, plasticizers and structural strengthening materials are required to produce biodegradable plastic with excellent characteristics. The production stages of biodegradable plastics include mixing, heating, and casting. The starch-based biodegradable plastic that can apply to an environmentally friendly packaging material has an excellent opportunity developed in Indonesia.Keywords: Starch, sago, cassava, biodegradable plastics, production technology AbstrakPlastik merupakan bahan pengemas yang banyak digunakan namun berdampak buruk bagi lingkungan karena sulit terdegradasi di alam. Teknologi produksi plastik biodegradable atau bioplastik yang dibuat dari bahan alami dan ramah lingkungan sudah mulai dikembangkan. Plastik biodegradable berbahan dasar pati relatif lebih mudah diproduksi dan bahan baku mudah diperoleh. Pati ubi kayu dan sagu memiliki potensi sebagai bahan baku plastik biodegradable ditinjau dari ketersediaan dan karakteristiknya. Selain pati sebagai bahan utama, diperlukan pula plastisizer atau bahan pemlastis dan bahan penguat struktur untuk menghasilkan plastik biodegradable dengan karakteristik yang baik. Tahapan produksinya meliputi pencampuran, pemanasan, dan pencetakan. Plastik biodegradable berbahan dasar pati dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pengemas yang ramah lingkungan dan berpeluang besar dikembangkan.Kata kunci: Pati, sagu, ubi kayu, bioplastik, teknologi produks
PENGEMBANGAN POTENSI AYAM LOKAL UNTUK MENUNJANG PENINGKATAN KESEJAHTERAAN PETANI
Full text linkNative chickens potential development for supporting farmers' welfare improvementIndonesian native chickens have very good potential to be developed to create a commercial strain for supporting food security and to improve farmers' welfare. So far, at least 32 ecotypes of native chickens were documented. Each of them has special characteristics, e.g. pelung, sentul, kedu, merawang, gaok, and nusa penida. Most of the local chickens were resulted from domestication of Gallus gallus since hundred years ago. The birds could be classified into several types, i.e. meat, egg layer, dual purpose, and fancy. Government attention for developing these native chickens is limited, even though native chicken keeping activity involves most of the farmers in the villages. Native chicken diseases are commonly caused by infections of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and parasites, however native chickens have better resistance to diseases especially avian influenza ( AI ) because its body contains higher percentage of Mx+ gene compared with the imported hybrid chicken. Selection for resistance toward AI and newcastle disease should be implemented and supported with disease control program.Keywords: Native chickens, reproductive performance, crossbreeding, poultry farming, farmers' welfar
Potensi dan Ketersediaan Sumberdaya Lahan untuk Mendukung Ketahanan Pangan
Full text linkLaju pertumbuhan penduduk tidak seimbang dengan laju pertambahan lahan pertanian. Akibatnya, jumlah petanigurem dengan kepemilikan lahan kurang dari 0,50 ha bertambah dari 10,80 juta rumah tangga petani (RTP) padatahun 1993 menjadi lebih dari 15 juta RTP pada 2010. Selain itu, konversi lahan, degradasi lahan dan air, perubahaniklim, dan kerusakan lingkungan menjadi kendala utama dalam pembangunan pertanian di masa yang akan datang.Apabila konversi lahan dapat ditekan 60.000 ha/tahun dan sawah baru bertambah 67.700 ha/tahun maka luas lahanyang dibutuhkan untuk mempertahankan swasembada beras dan pangan lainnya sampai tahun 2020 secara kumulatifmencapai 1,61 juta ha atau 6,08 juta ha hingga tahun 2050. Untuk lahan kering diperlukan perluasan sekitar 11,75juta ha menjelang tahun 2050. Apabila kebutuhan energi juga akan dipasok dari bahan baku pangan (jagung, kedelai,ubi kayu, tebu, kelapa, kelapa sawit) maka lahan yang dibutuhkan makin luas. Berdasarkan sifat biofisik, lahan yangsesuai untuk pertanian dan saat ini belum dimanfaatkan mencapai 30,67 juta ha dan 8,28 juta ha di antaranya sesuaiuntuk sawah. Lahan tersebut belum diketahui status kepemilikannya, tetapi sebagian besar (20,40 juta ha) beradadi kawasan hutan (hutan produksi, hutan konversi, HPH) dan 10,30 juta ha berada di kawasan budi daya pertanian.Selain dengan perluasan, pemanfaatan lahan perlu dioptimalkan melalui intensifikasi, peningkatan intensitastanam (IP200, IP300, IP400), pengembangan inovasi teknologi, perbaikan pengelolaan DAS, konservasi tanah danair, serta perlindungan lahan terhadap konversi, penelantaran, dan degradasi