WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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Prolactin as a Candidate Gene Controlling Molting and Egg Production of Duck
Full text linkIncidence of molting is a crucial problem in the local ducks that need to be handled from many aspects including genetic aspect. Handling of molting genetically can be done quickly and accurately when the control genes have been found. The search for marker genes of molting can be conducted in poultry through broodiness naturally, because its physiological processes are related to the continuity of egg production. This paper describes the mechanism of molting, the relationship of molting with prolactin hormone and the association of prolactin gene polymorphism with molting and egg production. Molting and egg production were influenced by the prolactin hormone, that may be controlled by the prolactin gene. High concentration of prolactin hormone will inhibit the function of pituitary gland, decreasing production of gonadotrophin hormone (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) hence ovulation ceased. This will stop egg production and at the same time molting proccess occurred. Key words: Prolactin gene, molting, egg production, duc
Awareness of Ebola: An Exotic Zoonotic Disease
Full text linkFilovirus including Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever is a zoonotic disease that characterised by immune suppression and systemic inflammatory response causing impairment of the vascular and immune systems. It is leading to multiorgan failures with mortality varies from 50-90% in human and primate. The Ebola virus is currently divided into five species, namely Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV), Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV), Tai Forest ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus (REBOV) and Bundibugyo ebolavirus. Geographical distribution of Ebola virus in the Afrotropics region is mainly in the rainforests of Central and West Africa, while REBOV was detected in the Philippines. Bats are suspected as reservoir host of the virus. Recently, Ebola cases had been reported in endemic areas in Africa and then distributed to other countries which was not endemic through human travellers. Ebola virus is also potentially used as a biological weapon, so Ebola virus becomes public health concern. This paper describes the characters of Ebola virus, its clinical signs, transmission and threat as an exotic disease in Indonesia. By understanding the disease, the emergence of Ebola virus in Indonesia can be anticipated quickly. Key words: Ebola virus, exotic, pathoge
Utilization of Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) from Papua as an Alternative Feedstuff to Substitute Corn
Full text linkPapua foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is a plant which has been used as a source of carbohydrate, but it has not been used optimally. High demand in consuming corn as a poultry feeds provides an opportunity for Papua foxtail millet to be used as a substitute for corn in feed. Evaluation of nutritive values and antinutrient shows that Papua foxtail millet potential to be used as feed stuff. Studies on cultivation technology, evaluation of the nutritive values and antinutrient and its benefits as an alternative feed are relatively limited. The results shows that the Papua foxtail millet contains dry matter (88.37%), ash (0.86%), protein (12.07%), fat (2.76%), crude fiber (1.93%), metabolizable energy (3,139 kcal/kg) and anti-nutritional factors (3.07% of phytate and 0.01% of tannins). Several studies reported that the use of Papua foxtail millet at various levels (25-100%) in feed, can substitute corn and give a positive response on consumption, daily weight gain, feed conversion, carcass composition and percentages and egg production. It can be concluded that the Papua foxtail millet can be used as a corn substitution in poultry feed.
Controlling Subclinical Mastitis by Antibiotic Application during Dry Period of Dairy Cow
Full text linkPrevention of mastitis is essential, as one of the efforts to control disease in dairy cow. Dry period has implications to understand the mastitis and its control strategies. The udder is very susceptible to be infected both at the beginning and towards the end of dry period. This is linked to physiological changes in udder. Treatment with antibiotics during the dry period can reduce new infection about 82% and has several advantages. The success rate of subclinical mastitis treatment is much higher (80-90%) compared to the treatment during lactation (30-40%); the doses of antibiotic can be higher and safer, due to its retention time in udder becomes longer; the risk of antibiotic contamination in milk can be avoided because the udder is not milked. Antibiotic application during dry period is the best way to treat subclinical and chronic mastitis. Treatment during dry period is a specific mastitis control for intramammary infection to avoid economic losses. Key words: Antibiotic, dry period, subclinical mastiti
Reducing Abdominal Fat Deposition in Broiler Through Feeding Management
Full text linkAbdominal fat in broiler carcass is considered as a waste and its existence reduces the carcass quality. Abdominal fat deposition is affected by several factors such as genetic, nutrition, feed, sex, age and environment. Reducing abdominal fat deposition can be carried out by regulating the nutrient intake to ensure that no excessive nutrient was consumed. Nutrition effects to reduce abdominal fat deposition are associated with nutrient concentration of ration and quantity of daily feed intake. Daily nutrient intake can be limited, especially through restricted feeding. It is concluded that an appropriate feeding management can reduce abdominal fat deposition in broiler. Key words: Broiler, abdominal fat, fee
The Influence of Ecological Factors on the Transmission and Stability of Avian Influenza Virus in the Environment
Full text linkEcology is a science studying the correlation among organisms and some environmental factors. Ecological factors play an important role to transmit Avian Influenza (AI) virus and influence its stability in the environment. Avian Influenza virus is classified as type A virus and belong to Orthomyxoviridae family. The virus can infect various vertebrates, mainly birds and mammals, including human. Avian Influenza virus transmission can occur through bird migration. The bird migration patterns usually occur in the large continent covers a long distance area within a certain periode hence transmit the virus from infected birds to other birds and spread to the environment. The biotic (normal flora microbes) and abiotic (physical and chemical) factors play important role in transmitting the virus to susceptible avian species and influence its stability in the environment. Disinfectant can inactivate the AI virus in the environment but its effectivity is influenced by the concentration, contact time, pH, temperature and organic matter. Key words: Avian Influenza, stability, transmission, ecological factor
Increasing of Reproduction Efficiency of Cattle Through the Application of Synchronization Technology
Full text linkThe constraint of cattle development in Indonesia is low productivity, which was caused by low reproduction efficiency. Unestroes and difficulty of heat detection influenced to the calving interval. This calving interval is one of the causal factors of low reproduction efficiency. The efforts to solve this problem are to control and to predict heat period using synchronization technology. Synchronization technology on catlle has been developed from corpus luteum enucleated, utilizing of gonadotropin, progesteron, estrogen, prostaglandine and modification of those hormones. Application method for synchronization could be done by intra musculair, subcutan implantation, intra vaginal and mixed with food. Each method has its own strength and weaknesses. However, to handle anestroes cases is more effective to use combination of progesteron, PGF2α and estrogen. In order to obtain reproduction efficiency it is suggested to take the anestroes in hand as soon as possible. Key words : Cattle, synchronization estrou
Bali Cattle in The Breeding Stock Areas and Their Future Development
Full text linkBali cattle is one of Indonesian native breed of cattle distributed in almost all Indonesian provinces under small holder rearing system. The breed is easily adapted within many variations of tropical environment in Indonesia. Although there are a big differences of the production performance between places but the reproduction performances reported are always good. The Bali cattle resources in the country are Bali, South Sulawesi, East and West Nusa Tenggara (NTT and NTB). Based on the production performance, Bali cattle in Bali are the best Bali cattle in Indonesian and in population, South Sulawesi is province having the highest population of the cattle. All of Bali cattle in the resource areas have a high prolific with a good calving rate but NTT shows the highest number of calf mortality and Bali is the lowest. Except in Bali, Bali heifers perform a decline adult body weight that caused by no genetik improvement program and less of supported environment. All of the phenomenons are as as a guidance for a higghly adaptation ability of the breed. In addition, introducing a new blood with highly genetic potential together with the improvement in feeding and management should be conducted. Key words: Bali cattle, breeding stock, production and developmen
Utilization of Yeast as Feed Additive to Improve Ruminant Production
Full text linkYeast has been known and used in human life long time ago. Recently, yeast is used as feed additive for ruminant in overseas countries. There are a lot of strains and varieties of yeast but its type of strain or variety for ruminant feed is not mentioned. For ruminant feed, yeast is sold as live-cell yeast or mixture of yeast with its medium growth. Yeast can manipulate rumen by increasing cellulolytic bacteria so that the digestibility increased and consequently improving daily gain. The role of local yeast in improving ruminant production in Indonesia has not been deeply studied even though a good response found in the in vitro result. Key words: Yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ruminant, feed additiv
Optimization of Artificial Insemination Program in Buffalo
Full text linkDevelopment of buffalo was relatively slow in the last five years (1993-1997), but the number of slaughtered animals was also increased in the same period. Factors limiting their development were extensive farming system, farming as a secondary enterprise, slow growth and low reproductive efficiency of the animals. Optimization of artificial insemination (AI) program in one of the alternative to improve buffalo productivity in Indonesia. AI is an effective tool toimprove the genetic quality and to increase the buffaloes population. Application of AI in buffalo has been conducted since 1975, but until now the results are not still significant. Within the last four years the calving average was 750 head/year, the implementation of targeted insemination doses reached less than 50%/year with S/C still above 2 and CR 38.32%. The limiting factors affecting this low performance are quality of semen, female fertility, skill of technician and zootechnical knowledge of farmers. Improvement of reproductive efficiency of buffaloes interrelated with optimization of AI program could be imposed through increasing of ability of farmers to detect oestrus, oestrus synchronization using hormones (PGF-2α and progesterone), improvement of quality of frozen semen with special attention on dilution materials used, control of equilibration time, and control of duration and temperature of thawing, as well as accuracy of insemination time. Key words: AI, buffalo, semen quality, optimization, oestrus synchronizatio