WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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Non-Typhoid Salmonella Causes Food-borne Diseases: Its Prevention and Control
Full text linkNon-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) is a pathogenic bacteria causing gastroenteritis in humans which is transmitted through animals and contaminated animal products with Salmonella typhimurium or Salmonella enteritidis. Many cases of NTS infection in humans have been reported in the world, however most people in Indonesian are generally more familiar with Salmonella typhoid, which is caused by Salmonella typhoid and Salmonella paratypoid. Gastroenteritis due to NTS infection seldom requires antimicrobial treatment. If there is no post-infectious complications such as septicemia, reactive arthritis or aortic aneurysm. Eggs, chicken meat, raw milk and other animal products contaminated with NTS are a source of transmission through food (food-borne pathogens). An estimated 1-3% of pets carry NTS without causing illness. Control of NTS infection is difficult because Salmonella is tolerant to environmental stresses, widely spread, resistant to several types of antibiotics and has the ability to adapt. The application of strict biosecurity on farms is conducted through surveillance and monitoring so that it can prevent the contamination of livestock products and their derivatives, hence, it can prevent the transmission of NTS to humans. This paper provides information on NTS in animal and human prevention and control
Adaptation Strategy of Forage Crops to Climate Change
Full text linkClimate change is characterized by an increasing in temperature, drought, and an increase in CO2. This paper aims to describe the strategy to deal with climate change in forage crops. Plant adaptation mechanisms include increasing water content, cell membrane stability, and photosynthetic capacity by suppressing stomata conductance and C consumption through respiration. The impacts of climate change on animal feed crops include: decreased productivity and nutrient content, and reduced planting area which affects the supply of animal feed so that food availability is disrupted. Adaptation strategies are carried out by managing the cultivation of forage plants, including selecting planting and harvesting times, as well as irrigation. Besides, it is necessary to select adaptive fodder plants through breeding. Breeding methods are conducted through the exploration of genetic resources to compile new superior forage adaptive crops to climate change
Processing Technology of Feed Wafer to Increase Feed Production and Efficiency
Full text linkFeed is one of the important factor that affect livestock productivity, so the availability of good quality feed is a requirement for livestock development in an area. In the tropical area, providing forage as a crucial feed for ruminants was hampered by fluctuating seasons. Likewise, the availability of agricultural waste as an alternative source of feed material experiences the same constraints, easily damaged, and bulky (voluminous). Therefore, feed processing technology is needed so that it is become durable, easily stored, and easily provided for livestock. One way to overcome this is to utilize technology for making wafers. Information regarding technology for making animal feed wafers in Indonesia is still limited. This paper reviews a number of studies that discuss the development of wafer processing technology, types of wafers, the main components of wafer compilers, wafer manufacturing processes, reactions that occur during wafer manufacturing, nutrient quality of various wafers, and the results of research on the use of wafers for feed livestock. Wafers are feeds that are processed using heat and pressure, so that a solid, compact, and high density product is formed. Feed wafer technology is a modification of cube and block feed. Wafers are divided into feed wafers, feed supplement wafers, and complete feed wafers. Feed wafers can be used instead of concentrates. Feed supplement wafers are high in energy and protein. Complete feed wafers contain energy, protein, fiber, and complete minerals that have been adapted to the daily nutritional needs of livestock. Feed wafer processing technology can be one of the strategies to provide feed with a constant composition of nutrients throughout the season and increase production and feed efficiency
Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis: Their Nutrient Contents and Bioactive Compounds for Improving Poultry Productivity
Full text linkPoultry industry are facing many challenges and osbtacles especially on the supply of feed ingredients, medicines, feed supplements and additives. The high price of protein source-feed ingredients has encouraged nutritionists to explore and utilize alternative protein source-feed ingredients for poultry. This review provides an overview of their nutritional and bioactive contents and the use of microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis in poultry feed based on recent literature studies and their potential development and utilization in Indonesia. The microalgae Chlorella vulgaris dan Spirulina platensis have very high protein content that are potential as a protein source in poultry rations. In addition, Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis also contain several bioactive compounds that can be used as alternatives to antibiotics growth promoter and synthetic antioxidants for poultry. Indonesia has a great potential for the production of Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis, however massive cultivation and economies of scale have not yet been carried out. Such conditions make Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis less profitable as protein sources, but more likely as growth-promoting additives or antioxidants for poultry in Indonesia
The Application of Infrared Thermography in Monitoring Reproduction Physiology Status of Ruminant Due to Heat Stress
Full text linkAssessment on reproduction physiological parameters of ruminant caused by thermal stress usually uses invasive methods. However, these methods are less accurate because they are subjective, require a significant time and resources, and there are problems in animal welfare. Infrared thermography is one alternative solution that can be used. Infrared thermography is a modern, non-invasive, non-destructive, and safe technique to visualize thermal profile and surface temperature. This paper describes the application of infrared thermography in monitoring reproduction physiology status of ruminant. This method does not require physical contact and allows direct visualisation of temperature distribution so that it can be used as a reference in understanding and evaluating several parameters in livestock
Coccidiosis as A Predisposition Factor for Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry and Their Prevention
Full text linkCoccidiosis and necrotic enteritis are both affecting the digestive tract of chicken and both are major enteric disease that mainly affect poultry. Among the enteric diseases, necrotic enteritis is a major problem. Coccidiosis is caused by the protozoan of Eimeria sp, and is commonly found as a predisposition factor for necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridum perfringens. Both diseases are commonly shown similar pathological change namely necrosis of epthelial cells in the intestinal mucosa. The diseases have great economic impact in poultry productions, due to the increased mortality, decreased performance and medication costs. Control of these diseases are commonly treated with antibiotics and ionophores. However, an intensive use of these drugs in feed may cause the emergence of drug-resistance against some strains of Eimeria sp.and Cl. Perfringens and an increased chance of contamination in animal products for human consumption. The paper is discussing the occurrence of necrotic enteritis especially due to the coccidian as a major predisposition factor and the development of alternative control strategies for avian coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis, by modulating intestinal health
A Selected Stenotaphrum secundatum as Superior Shade Tolerant Forage Resource
Full text linkThe availability of land for forage development is limited and becomes the obstacle for supporting livestock development. One of the solutions to anticipate this problem is to utilize the lands under plantation areas by introducing shade-tolerant forage among the main crop. The area of oil palm plantations in Indonesia reaches 14,677,560 ha and is very potential to be used in the integration system with livestock. This article describes a detailed information about the superiority of selected Stenotaphrum secundatum in terms of production, nutritional quality and digestibility. Stenotaphrum secundatum is a shade tolerant forage that had derived by positive mass selection method which had been tested for its adaptability at two different elevations. The average fresh yield of S. secundatum at 55 and 75% shading level reached 2,386 and 2,001 g/m2/harvest, respectively. The digestibility of selected Steno grass on growing Boerka goat ranged from 60.7% to 72.8%. Palatability of S. secundatum grass in goats is very good with consumption reaching 3.6% of body weight. Besides being tolerant of shade, S. secundatum grass is also resistant to pests, as long as it is maintained with good management. This grass also has advantages in terms of dry matter production, nutrient content and crude protein production compared to other grass species and can be planted in wider plantation areas with 55-75% shade
Strategy and Policy on Dairy Cattle Development in Areas Outside Java Island in Supporting Domestic Fresh Milk Production
Full text linkProduction of domestic fresh milk has not yet meet the national milk demand, so high amount of milk is still imported (88.56%). The distribution of the dairy cattle population is still concentrated in Java Island (98.84%) which already has limited available land resources. The low productivity of dairy cow is due to the decline in the quality of breed, limited feed and capital. The business scale majority is still low, although its institutional aspect has been well established with the existence of cooperatives and the milk processing industry. This paper discusses the strategies and policies for developing dairy cows in areas outside Java which are appropriate from the upstream to the downstream aspects. The development of dairy cows in areas outside Java Island is still slow, even experiencing a population decline in the last 4 years by 66.21% compared to that in Java that has an increase of 22.09%. Barriers include weak human resource factors, lack of availability of feed (forages and concentrates), low milk productivity and quality, and the production market which is the main thing in dairy business has not been developed. There were many obstacles encountered when dairy cow development program in areas outside Java island was established. Therefore, it requires strategies and policies as well as steps that must be carried out on target. There are several things that need to be done, namely selecting the location, procuring the right breed, training the human resources (target breeders), planting forage and making concentrates, and the main thing is institutional development (upstream to downstream), especially institutions for milk production and marketing. Routine assistance by related agencies and other institutions is needed to ensure the sustainability of dairy farming outside Java
Foot and Mouth Disease: An Exotic Animal Disease that must be Alert of Entry into Indonesia
Full text linkFoot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease that attacks cloven hoofed animals. Among the animals primarly livestock that sensitive to FMD include cattle, bufalloes, pigs, sheep, and goats. The causative agent of FMD is the Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV). This disease is greatly feared by all countries because it may cause great loss of economic impact. There are still many countries in the world that are not yet free from FMD. The World Animal Health Organization (OIE/ Office des Internationale Epizootis) has included this disease in the list of disease that must be reported as “notifiable disease”. This FMD has become exotic for Indonesia since 1990, and currently it is included in the list of strategic infectious animal diseases in Indonesia. With current situation where the traffic of people and goods between countries in the world is very fast and frequent, it is possible for the disease to enter Indonesian territory. This paper discusses the FMD with aim of increasing alertness and readiness in preventing the entry and spread of the disease to Indonesia
Efficacy, Mechanism and Antiviral Resistance of Neuraminidase Inhibitors and Adamantane against Avian Influenza
Full text linkVaccination and antiviral drug are often used to control influenza. However, the effectiveness of vaccine was impaired due to the emergence of new variant of virus strain. Antiviral drug consists of prophylactic and curative substances, namely M2 ion channel inhibitors (adamantane; amantadine and rimantadine) and neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs; oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir, laninamivir). The synthesis and modification of antiviral neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs) and adamantanes increased the antiviral effectiveness. The mechanism of the neuraminidase inhibitor is to prevent influenza infection by inhibiting the release of the virus from internal cells. Adamantane is antiviral drug that selectively inhibits the flow of H+ ions through M2 protein to prevent the uncoating virus particles getting into the endosome. The substitution of (H275Y, S247N, I223L, K150N, R292K, I222T, R152K, R118K, E119V) on NA protein caused resistance of avian influenza virus against the neuraminidase inhibitor. The combination of mutations (S247N, I223L, K150N) increased the resistance of influenza A (H5N1) virus. The diffusion of adamantane resistance varies among HA subtypes, the species of host, the period of isolation, and region. Mutations at residues of 26, 27, 30, 31 or 34 transmembrane M2 protein caused adamantane resistance. The unique substitution (V27I) of M2 protein of clade 2.3.2 H5N1 subtype isolated in Indonesia in 2016 has been contributed to the amantadine resistance. Antiviral combination of M2 ion channel inhibitors and neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors is effective treatments for the resistance