WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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The Use and Effect of Carbamate Insecticide on Animal Health and Products
Get PDFThe use of carbamate in Indonesia is relatively new, in particular after prohibition on the use of most organochlorines (OC). Carbamates that commonly used for agricultural activities are carbofuran (Furadan), aldicarb (Temik) and carbaryl (Sevin). When properly used, they will provide benefit, but misuse of insecticides would affect productivity, poisoning, public health problems, environmental contamination and residues in foods. A monitoring result of carbamate used in Java indicates that carbofurans were detected in soils (0,8 – 56,3 ppb); water (0,1 – 5,0 ppb); rice (nd – 5,0 ppb); soybeans (1,2 – 610 ppb); animal feed (12 – 102 ppb); beef (110 – 269 ppb); and sera of beef cattle (167 – 721 ppb). The residue level was above the maximum residue limits (MRL) released by Indonesian Standardization Agency (Badan Standardisasi Nasional) in some samples. The presence of carbofuran in foods should be taken into account since the carbofuran is regarded highly toxic for public and animal health. This paper describes the toxicity of carbamate, clinical signs of poisoning, residue in foods and environment, handling of poisoning and residue control. Key Words: Carbamate, toxicity, residue, food, environmen
Fowl Cholera and Its Control Prospect With Locally isolated Pasteurella multocida Bivalent Vaccines
Get PDFPasteurellosis or fowl cholera disease which associated with Pasteurella multocida group A and D infections occurred sporadically in many parts of the world, including in Indonesia. The pathogenic activity of P. multocida in chickens were based on lipopolysacharide (LPS) antigens associated with group A and D capsules, and the resistance factor of complement mediated bacteriolysis in animals. In order to reduce common bacterial infections, antibiotics were routinely used as feed additive or by drinking water, but fowl cholera cases still occur. Fowl cholera control by vaccinations have been used more than a hundred years ago by means of inactive vaccine, but imported inactive vaccine was reported not effective due to lack of cross protection against heterologous serotype. At present, many local P. multocida isolates from chicken and ducks from many areas in Indonesia were characterised for their antigenicity, immunogenicity and prepared as monovalent or bivalent vaccine. Only the monovalent vaccine prepared from BCC 2331 or DY2 demonstrated the presence of immunoprotection against homologous and heterologous challenged with live bacteria. The prototype bivalent vaccine consisting of BCC 2331 + DY2 demonstrated high degree of cross protection against challenged individual with or mixed of BCC 2331 + DY2 at average of 60 – 75% and 75 – 100%, respectively. Monovalent and bivalent vaccine prepared from other isolates including imported reference strains of P. multocida demonstrated no protection in experimentally vaccinated ducks and chicken against challenged with live bacteria of neither BCC 2331 nor with DY2. From these retrospective studies, it was concluded that the local isolates P. multocida designated as BCC 2331 and DY2 could be used as candidates of prototype vaccine or master seed vaccine but their effectiveness still need to be evaluated under field conditions. Key words: Pasteurella multocida, Indonesian isolates, inactive vaccines, fowl choler
Development of Anthelmintic Resistance Detection Methods of Gastrointestinal Nematodes on Livestock
Get PDFThe intensive usage of anthelmintic in most of farms led to resistances of livestock gastrointestinal nematodes against anthelmintic. Many reports of resistance that increased every year happen following the continuing helminth control programmes. The succesful implementation of helminth control programmes that designed to minimize the development of resistance in nematode populations depends on the availability of effective and sensitive method for its detection and monitoring. A variety of in vivo and in vitro tests have been developed for detecting nematode population resistance to the main anthelmintic groups. This paper will discuss the development of detection method of anthelmintic resistance based on conventional and molecular approach according to their strengths and weakness. Key words: Anthelmintic resistance, detection method, conventional, molecular, nematod
Utilization of Jatropha curcas Seed Meal and its Limitation as Feed Ingredient
Get PDFOne of the alternatives to solve the problem of less fossil energy is to utilize plant as a new source of energy, i.e Jatropha curcas, known as physic nut. This plant has been promoted as a source of energy as its seed contains high level of oil which can be used as biodiesel. The meal produced after pressing the seed will become a by product which contains high level of protein but also contains several anti nutritive factors or toxic compounds. This causes a problem to utilize this seed meal for animal feed. This paper descibes the nutritional quality and anti nutritive factors of jatropha seed meal, detoxification of jatropha seed meal and its utilization as feed ingredient and the problem of its utilization. Jatropha seed meal as a feed ingredient has to go through a combination process of detoxification. There is a need to find a cheap and easy detoxification technology to produce a safe and high nutritional quality of jatropha seed meal for animal. Key words: Jatropha curcas, anti nutritive factors, detoxification, utilization, proble
Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of Salmonella enteritidis: Its Implication for Diagnosis and Development of Local Isolate Vaccine for Poultry
Get PDFGenus Salmonella consists of more than 2,400 serovars, which can be identified by means of serological method based on the variation of their somatic (O), flagellar (H) and capsular antigens (Vi). Salmonella serovars which are able to cause disease in animal or domestic animal are limited, such as: S. pullorum and S. gallinarum which are well adapted to poultry, cause fowl typhoid, S. cholerasuis causes disease in swine. S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis can infect all animals and humans. S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis could be isolated from salmonellosis of poultry, meat, milk and eggs. The prevalence of those isolates within the last two decades tends to increase. Pathogenic Salmonella serovars can infect both animals and humans, colonize the intestinal epithelial cells lead to diarrhoea. Salmonella spp. may enter the lower layer of epithelial cells and the lymphoid vascular system. Humoral antibody and cell mediated immunity responses may develop. Extraintestinal shedding or dissemination of Salmonella spp. may occur and multiply, this may cause latent infections and spread to the environment. Serologic diagnosis of infected animals can be done by means of serum or whole blood agglutination tests with whole cell antigen or ELISA with LPS coated tray, might demonstrate cross reactions among serovars within the one group. ELISA antibody by using fimbrial SEF14 antigen demonstrated specific diagnosis of S. enteritidis infection. The use of S. enteritidis inactive vaccines stimulates high humoral antibody response and protection against challenged homologous serovar within one group (D). The secretory antibody in mucosal surface of intestine and cell mediated immunity were not stimulated after vaccination with inactive Salmonella vaccine. Inactive vaccines (local isolate of S. enteritidis) which was developed and evaluated on experimental layer chicken produced protection against challenged homologous and may be used to control vertical transmission salmonellosis through eggs and can be used to improve the safety of animal food products for human consumption. Key words: Salmonella enteritidis, antigenicity, immunogenicity, diagnosis, vaccines for poultr
Key Performance Indicators for Indonesia’s Small Holder Dairy Farmers
Get PDFThis paper presents a series of Key Performance Indicators to help Indonesian farmers identify the possible causes for their poor farm performance and profitability. When assessing farm profitability, these indicators can be split into two types, those diagnosing problems with feeding management and those with herd management. Too many stock on limited land is a common feature on Asian dairy small holdings. Unlike other forms of livestock, milking cows have very high nutrient requirements, therefore high quality forages and purchased concentrates are essential for profitable dairying. Milk income less feed cost is one of the simplest and easy to measure indicators of farm profitability and the quickest to respond to small changes in farm practices. Problems with herd management can be diagnosed using measures such as the proportion of cows actually milking in the herd or their peak yield and persistency of production. There are also simple indicators of herd reproductive performance and of health and growth of young stock that assist in searching for the underlying causes of poor farm profitability. Key words: Key performance indicator, dairy farmer, small holder, Indonesia
Toxoplasmosis of Goat and Sheep in Java
Get PDFToxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease, caused by Toxoplasma gondii attacking goat, sheep, and wild animals. This disease is zoonosis and widely distributed in many districts of Java and as a zoonotic disease. Cat is the definitive host of T. gondii, while sheep, goats, and humans are the intermediate hosts. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis in Java was between 7 to 84%, with an average of 42.9%. It occurs through out of the year and causes abortions and infertilities of infected animals. All breeds of goat and sheep, male and female are susceptible to T. gondii infections. In cat, T. gondii produces three types of infectious forms, i.e.: tropozoite, cyst, and oocyst, but in intermediate host, it produces tropozoite and cyst forms. The development of T. gondii in definitive host is by sexual and asexual, while in intermediate host only by asexual only. Toxoplasmosis in livestocks is subclinical signs and difficult to diagnose. The confirmation diagnose of T. gondii infection in animals should be conducted by laboratory examinations of the parasite on peritoneal fluid, heart muscles, skelet muscles and brain samples. Serological tests for antibody detection can be done by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Toxoplasmosis is difficult to be controlled; the use of pyrimethamine drugs only kills tachyzoite form, but does not kill the cyst. Once the animals are infected, they would become carriers and sources of infections. Key words: Toxoplasmosis, goat, shee
The Use of Bali Cattle on Local Feed Resources for Beef Cows Development in Indonesia
Get PDFBali cattle as an animal genetic resource of Indonesia is one of the appropriate cattle breed to be developed in Indonesia. Intensification of breeding program using Bali cattle may solve one of the heifer supply shortage in the beef cattle industry. Technology innovation base on the local feed resources and the use of agricultural by products is needed to meet the demand of sustainable feed supply for beef cattle. This will be the main basic components on the complete feed formulation that is cheap and easily accessible for the farmers. The crop livestock systems innovation through the zero waste approach need to be implemented to yield the zero cost cattle raising system. The cow calf operation system will only be run sustainable if the feed cost and the use of external inputs can be minimized. The program need to be integrated by the grower and fattening (finisher) activities. The grower cattle activities, such as run by the Center Village Cooperation in East Nusa Tenggara could afford the farmers participation and had a significant contribution to the farmers’ household. The success of an introduction program is largely determined by the involvement of the farmers in the very beginning based on the local indigenous technology. There is a need to empower the farmers group based on the cooperative principles to increase bargaining power, information accessibility and communication effectiveness. This effort will also simultaneously conducted with the policy support on accessibility of micro finance through the agriculture credit scheme. Key words: Bali cattle, local feed, beef cattle busines
Distiller’s Dried Grains With Solubles (DDGS) for Animal Feed
Get PDFDistiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) is co-product from dry milling of ethanol industry after removal of ethanol and CO2. From every 25.4 kg (1 bushel) of corn, it can produce around 7.7 kg of DDGS. DDGS offers an opportunity for cost savings in animal feed rations, and will be available in abundant quantities in coming years. DDGS has been traded in many parts of the world with 27% protein, 9 – 10% fat and 7% fiber. Although DDGS is mainly used for feeding ruminant, more DDGS are used for monogastric animals such as swine and poultry and recently an interest to be used for aquaculture. Recent studies by University of Arkansas indicated that Metabolizable Energy value of DDGS for poultry is 2850 kcal/kg. It was also reported that DDGS can be included up to 15% in broiler feed without affecting performance and higher level of inclusion was possible for finisher broiler. On swine diet, Digestible and Metabolizable Energy of DDGS is equal to corn and much higher value than that reported by NRC 1998. DDGS is a good source of protein, fat, phosphorus and energy for lactating dairy cows. Distiller’s grains can be included in dairy cow diets up to 20% of the ration without decreasing dry matter intake, milk production, milk fat and protein percentage. For beef cattle, it can effectively be used as an energy source and be fed up to 40% of ration with excellent growth performance, carcass and meat quality. For aquaculture, DDGS can be used up to 30% in freshwater fish such as catfish and tilapia and up to 20% in trout; it can also be used to feed shrimp up to 10%. However, in order to use DDGS for animal feeding, several quality factors include physical, chemical and biological should be considered especially in formulating a diet. DDGS quality may vary depending on the origin and corn quality, processing condition especially drying temperature and time and amount of solubles being added to distiller’s grains. Key words: DDGS, feed, protein, energ
Utilization of Probiotic-Fermented Rice Straw as Ruminant Feed
Get PDFAgriculture in Indonesia is dominated by a rice-based farming system where ruminants are kept as saving and to provide draft power. The productivity of ruminants under this farming system is relatively low. The low productivity is mainly due to inadequate supply of feed. As the agriculture is a rice-based farming system, rice straws become potential crop residues existing in almost all areas in Indonesia. Many studies on the utilization of rice straw as ruminant feed have been conducted. Rice straw has very low nutritive values, especially its crude protein content and digestibility. A lot of treatments have been applied to improve the nutritional values particularly the digestibility value, that is, by means of physical, chemical and biological treaments. In recent studies, the efficiency of rice straw utilization for ruminants was improved by supplementation of probiotic. The aim of probiotic addition is to enhance the ability of rumen microbes to digest the rice straw in the rumen by their synergistic effect. The methods of probiotic addition can be introduced into rice straw through fermentation process or mixed with the concentrates. This paper exposes the utilization of probiotic-fermented rice straw for ruminant animals and their storage system. Key words: Rice straw, fermentation, probiotic, ruminant