WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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Molecular Phylogenetic: Organism Taxonomy Method Based on Evolution History
Get PDFPhylogenetic is described as taxonomy classification of an organism based on its evolution history namely its phylogeny and as a part of systematic science that has objective to determine phylogeny of organism according to its characteristic. Phylogenetic analysis from amino acid and protein usually became important area in sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis can be used to follow the rapid change of a species such as virus. The phylogenetic evolution tree is a two dimensional of a species graphic that shows relationship among organisms or particularly among their gene sequences. The sequence separation are referred as taxa (singular taxon) that is defined as phylogenetically distinct units on the tree. The tree consists of outer branches or leaves that represents taxa and nodes and branch represent correlation among taxa. When the nucleotide sequence from two different organism are similar, they were inferred to be descended from common ancestor. There were three methods which were used in phylogenetic, namely (1) Maximum parsimony, (2) Distance, and (3) Maximum likehoood. Those methods generally are applied to construct the evolutionary tree or the best tree for determine sequence variation in group. Every method is usually used for different analysis and data. Key words: Phylogenetic, analysis, evolution, nucleotide/protein sequenc
Research Development on Cryopreservation Technique to Preserve Avian Semen
Get PDFCryopreservation technique could be used to preserve animal cell, plant or other genetic materials (included semen) in frozen. In this case, the cryopreservation technique is a storage technique that carries out at very low temperature in liquid nitrogen at -196oC. At this temperature, semen does not experience the process of metabolism but still has the ability to live on when used later. Semen that is preserved by cryopreservation technique has unlimited shelf life. This method is more efficient in terms of cost, time, space, and labour than other methods. Cryopreservation techniques can be divided into conventional technique (controlled slow freezing) and rapid freezing technique. Besides cryopreservation of semen, other genetic material from avian that can be cryopreservesed is Primodial Germ Cells (PGC). Balitnak has succesfully isolated the PGC of some Indonesian native chickens. The success of cryopreservation is indicated by not only the high rate of survival, but also the fertility after cryopreservation. Key words: Avian, storage, cryopreservation, seme
Enhancing the Feed Capacity of Horticulture Agro-Ecosystem Through Technology for Goat Production
Get PDFThe availability of feed and their efficiency of use throughout the year represent the most important constraint affecting the productivity of animals in any agro-ecosystems. Beside being the largest contributor to the total production cost, logistically feeds need to be available on a daily basis across the animal’s life time. In order to be competitive, goat production system must be directed toward the optimum utilization of inconventional feedstuffs such as crop residues and agro-industrial by-products. The horticulture crops provide various crop-residues and by products from the processing of its main products. These biomass are potential feedstuffs that could be used to support the production of goats. The processing of passion fruits (Passiflora edulis) yield by products such as fruit shells and seeds. These products are good energy and protein sources for growing goats. Oriental radish (Raphanus sativus) by-products composed by damaged root parts and culls have high digestible energy and low ether extract content, but have very high moisture content. The pineapple by-products composed by the peel and bagasse of the fruit could be used as energy source for goats. Other horticulture by-products or residues such as citrus pulp, abandoned citrus fruit, forages from Ipomea batatas are of great potential as feeds for goat production. Preserving technology like ensiling could be implemented in utilising those biomass categorized as wet by-products such as pineapple and oriental radish by-products. The technology of complete feed is an effective means in utilizing some of those products with relatively low palatability or to increase its inclusion level in diets. Introducing shade-tolerant forage species as intercrops such as Stenotaphrum secundatum, Brachiaria humidicola and Arachis pintoi in the citrus plantation should increase feed capacity of the area. The multi-purpose trees such as Indigofera sp. and Calliandra calothyrsus both are adaptable to the high altitude area are valuable feeds due to their high nutritional quality. Generation of technology that could maximize the utilization of those biomass as feeds for goat production is necessary. Some technologies that are relevant to that purposes including: 1) ensiling with appropriate inoculants that create optimal fermentation to preserve the product and to prolong the aerobic stability of the silages; 2) ensiling with appropiate absorbants for maximum effluent retention, intake and preference of the silage; 3) the utilization of fibrolytic bacteria; 4) utilization of fibrolytic enzymes in complete feed; and 5) supplementation strategy to optimize the rumen function for maximum utilization of basal diets. Because most of the feedstuffs mentioned above relatively vary in their nutritional quality and quantity, it is suggested that feed budget system, which is based on the availability of feed rather than the feeding standard system which is based on the animal’s nutrient requirement is a more relevant feeding system for goat production. Key words: Feeds, horticultures, technology, goat
Use of Polymerase Chain Reaction Enzyme Linked Oligonucleotide Sorbent Assay (Pcr-Elosa) for Detection of Disease Agents
Get PDFDiagnostic tool comprises one of the vital components in the control of infectious diseases. One of the most common techniques in the diagnosis of infectious disease currently available is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) because this technique is very sensitive, specific, and rapid. This technique requires an adjunct technique to indicate the formation of the right reaction product. Agarose gel electrophoresis has been the most common technique to visualise the PCR product or amplicon. Enzyme linked oligonucleotide sorbent assay (ELOSA) is an alternative technique which is more sensitive and gives more important identity of the amplicon. This technique can be more than 100 times as sensitive as a gel agarose electrophoresis, and very specific since confirmation of the amplicon is carried out by DNA hibridisation. The capacity of the ELOSA can also be extended to the detection of disease-causal agent at subtype level, or detection of mutation at particular location in a gene. Since the equipment used for ELOSA is similar to that for ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), a large number of samples can be accomplished rapidly. As in ELISA, a number of variation can be made in ELOSA depend on the requirement. Nucleotide can be immobilised on the microwell plate either by passive adsorbtion, by first conjugation of nucleotide with biotin then immobilisation on streptavidin-coated microwell plate, or immobilisaion by covalent bonding. The PCR and ELOSA can be performed at separate or in a single tube by first immobilising the PCR primers on the surface of microwell plates. Key words: PCR amplicon, agarose electrophoresis, oligonucleotide immobilisation, DNA hybridisatio
Green House Gas Control and Agricultural Biomass for Sustainable Animal Agriculture in Developing Countries
Get PDFImportant green house gases (GHG) attributed to animal agriculture are methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), though carbon dioxide (CO2) contributes almost half of total greenhouse effect. Rumen CH4 production in an enteric fermentation can be accounted as the biggest anthropogenic source. Some of prebiotics and probiotics have been innovated to mitigate rumen CH4 emission. The possible use of agricultural biomass consisted of non-edible parts of crop plants such as cellulose and hemi cellulose and animal wastes was proposed as a renewable energy and nitrogen sources. The ammonia stripping from digested slurry of animal manure in biogas plant applied three options of nitrogen recycling to mitigate nitrous oxide emission. In the first option of the ammonia stripping, the effect of ammonolysis on feed value of cellulose biomass was evaluated on digestibility, energy metabolism and protein utilization. Saccharification of the NH3 treated cellulose biomass was confirmed in strictly anaerobic incubation with rumen cellulolytic bacteria, Ruminoccous flavefaciens, to produce bio-ethanol as the second option of ammonia stripping. In an attempt of NH3 fuel cell, the reformed hydrogen from the NH3 stripped from 20 liter of digested slurry in thermophilic biogas plant could generate 0.12 W electricity with proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM) as the third option. Key words: GHG, rumen, methane, probiotics, ammonia stripping, biomas
Some Pathogenic Bacteria of Livestock Origin as a Cause of Foodborne Diseases
Get PDFFood are essentialy required for cell metabolism in human physiologyc. Food should be free from biological, chemical, and physical contamination and also hazardous substances. All of them are able to disrupt physiological homeostatis resulting disorder or diseases. Diseases resulted by those contaminant are called food borne disease. One of the important contaminants is biological contaminant especially pathogenic bacterias. Some pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp., Vibrio cholerae, Enterobacter sakazakii, Shigella, are able to cause symptomatic diseases. Overall, the general symptoms of the diseases due to pathogenic bacterial infection are gastric pain, nausea, vomit, headache, loss of appetite, fever, and also dehydration. Key words: Pathogenic bacteria, foodborne diseases, foo
Application of Technology on Improving Beef Cattle Productivity in East Nusa Tenggara
Get PDFThe Province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) had been one of the major beef cattle suppliers under traditional management system in Indonesia. The beef cattle farming that based on grazing native pasture and the introduction of shrub legumes (Leucaena leucocephala) may contribute to around 15 – 50% of the farmers’ household income. In the last few years, supply of beef cattle tended to decline due to the decrease in cattle population in NTT. Some basic improvements in management and feeding toward increasing beef cattle productivities had been carried out in Nusa Tenggara, such as a baseline survey on Cattle Health and Productivity Survey (CHAPS) conducted in 1990 – 1992. The objective of the program was to identify the existing beef cattle productivity and health condition throughout Nusa Tenggara. A collaborative research with the Ministry of Research and Technology (Integrated Prime Research) had also been carried out and the result showed that early weaning in Bali calves that can be practised as early as 3 – 6 months to prevent calves losses during the dry season. A program of the Assessment on Beef Cattle Base Farming Activities had also been conducted to improve fattening and breeding practices through the improvement in beef cattle management and feeding systems. At the latest development, fattening scheme has been introduced under a partnership approach involving private sectors and cooperatives. This needs to be facilitated by the government to accelerate the program such as access to capital and intensive extension services to build farmers awareness toward profit oriented beef cattle farming. Optimalization of the available potential resources and technology in NTT, will be an opportunity to enhance beef cattle production and gains back the reputation as one of the major producing beef cattle in the past. This will also support the national livestock program nowadays, called Beef Cattle Self Sufficiency Program 2014. Key words: Beef cattle, productivity, technology, East Nusa Tenggar
The Role of Antioxidant for Improving The Quality of Frozen Semen
Get PDFThe quality of frozen semen will be reduced if high oxidative metabolism activity in semen occurs, due to the formation of free radical compounds causing lipid peroxidation reaction on sperm plasma membrane. Lipid peroxidation occurs due to the exposure of semen to the oxygen during handling. Lipid peroxidation can be prevented by the addition of antioxidant compounds such as vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione, and b-carotene, in the semen extender. Results of some researches showed that the addition of various antioxidans in extender can improve the quality of frozen semen of various animals. Key words: Antioxidant, free radical, lipid peroxidation, frozen seme
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (Ibr) on Cattle in Indonesia and The Strategy For Disease Control
Get PDFInfectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) caused by Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) infects cattle and widely spreads in Indonesia. The disease infected cattle in breeding centers, artificial insemination centers and also holderfarmers. This infectious disease may cause economical losses primarily due to reproductive failure of infected animals. Recommended strategy for disease control is step by step control with priorities, started from upper to downstream, from breeding and artificial insemination (AI) centers as the first priority, then village breeding centers as the second priority, and the last priority is in cattle owned by smallholders. In the breeding and AI centers, eradication of the disease is carried out by surveilance, excluding reactors, and applying biosecurity. In the village breeding centers, the use of semen for AI should come from centers that free from IBR, the use of bull that free from IBR, surveilance and application of biosecurity. At the farmer levels, IBR control is bone by using semen from AI centers free from IBR and routine vaccination. The final step is performed after evaluating the successful rate and economic impact of the disease control. Key words: Cattle, IB
Emission of Methane From Enteric Fermentation: National Contribution and Factors Affecting it in Livestock
Get PDFChanging in atmosphere condition is affected by the quantity of gases produced from all activities on the earth. Gases that have effects on global warming are CO2, N2O, H2O, and CH4 (methane). Among other sources of methane are enteric fermentation of organic material from ruminants and feces decomposition. Methane production from ruminants is affected by several factors such as breed/type of animal, feed quality, environmental temperature and physiological status of the animal. Energy as methane in ruminants may reach 2 to 15% of the total energy consumption. To reduce the emission of methane from ruminants, it is necessary to apply a strategic feeding system for more efficient utilization of feed. Key words: Methane, global warming, ruminants, rumen fermentatio