Journal of Mathematical and Fundamental Sciences
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Analisis Dinamik Tegasan Purba pada Satuan Batuan Paleogen â Neogen di Daerah Pacitan dan Sekitarnya, Provinsi Jawa Timur Ditinjau dari Studi Sesar Minor dan Kekar Tektonik
Get PDFThere are four trends of geological structures in the region of Pacitan and its closed surrounding, as the result of the tectonic deformation which occured during the Tertiary up to Quaternary. Those trends of geological structures are classified as fault groups in the direction of NW - SE (N3100E - N3300E), N - S (N3500E - N0100E), NE - SW (N0450E - N0500E), and E - W (N0800E). The result of the paleostress reconstruction based on the minor faults and shear fractures, point to three axis direction of principle stress: First, Early Miocene Stress with the ï³1 direction between 150, N1640E - 090, N1700E. The respective stress caused the formation of fault in the direction of NW - SE and fold structures. Second, Middle Miocene Stress with the ï³1 direction between 160, N1920E "“ 150, N1960E , which caused the formation of fault in the direction of NE - SW and N - E. Third, Plio-Pleistocene Stress with the ï³1 direction 140, N1980E. This latest stress caused the reactivation of the fault groups which occurred previously
Studi Eksperimental Perbandingan Nilai Faktor Reduksi (Ï) Profil Baja Tabung Kotak di Indonesia
Get PDFAt present, structural designing in Indonesia uses the value of reduction factor (Ï) according to LRFD-AISC regulation (Load and Resistance Factor Design â American Institute of Steel Construction). It is understood that different condition in Indonesia requires different approach, therefore this research attempted to determine a specific value of reduction factor (Ï).The research observes the compression and flexural behavior of profile steel boxes (2x4) cm with length 75 cm and 65 cm for compression and flexural test, respectively. This test collects resistance data that are stress, area of steel, load and modulus of elasticity. The result of flexural test with reliability index (β) = 3 obtained the value of reduction factor of flexure Ïb = 0.8823 and Ï = 0.5195 for compression test. Difference between this value and that of LRFD-AISC code were caused by nominal mean value-mean value ration, coefficient of variation (Ω), and the distribution used in the calculation. In addition, different reliability index of 2.5, 2, and 1.5 were also calculated for comparison. It is concluded that greater value of reduction factor (Ï) could be obtained with smaller reliability index (β)
Pengolahan Citra Obyek dari Balik Penghambur dengan Metoda Optik (Tapis Ruang) dan Metoda Digital (âOr Minimumâ)
Get PDF In this paper, optical and digital methods are combined to improve the quality of the image obtained through a scattering medium. The optical method, using simply an imaging positive lens and a small circular spatial filter, succeded in the first stage to form an observable image.Two criteria were adopted to evaluate the quality of the image in the optical method. The first is Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), the second is the correlation coefficient between the original image and the processed scattered image. It was found that PSNR decreased at a larger diameter of the spatial filter. The optimum correlation coefficient (0.368) was found at a filter diameter of 1.6 mm.Next, the digital image processing was conducted using the assumption that the scattering medium always moved randomly. Involving different diameters of the spatial filter, the image was recorded with a CCD camera connected to a computer. For each diameter, the image was recorded many times, each time with a different position of the scattering medium. The images were then processed with the so-called âOr Minimumâ and the averaging method.In the âOr Minimumâ method, the gray level of the same pixel position of all images was compared to find its minimum value. The ensemble of pixels having the minimum gray level constitutes a new image. In the averaging method, the average gray level in each pixel position was computed from a number of images.It appeared that the âOr Minimumâ method yielded the best improvement in PSNR (the largest being 4.00 dB) compared to the averaging method (1.04 dB). The improvement of the correlation coefficient was up to 0.072 in the âOr Minimumâ method and 0.05 in the averaging method
The Effective Equation of Motion on the Brane World Gravity
Get PDFRandall-Sundrum single brane system (RS II) is investigated systematically, with an emphasis of the effective equation of motion on the brane, by using a low energy expansion method (gradient expansion method) in the bulk. Through the junction condition, we deduce in the zeroth order fine tuning for RS model. The modified Einstein equation, as well as Friedmann equation with dark energy radiation on the brane is derived from the first order expansion. We also clarify the emergence of the AdS/CFT correspondence for the case of the higher order expansion in a low energy iteration scheme
Sistem Kendali Fuzzy Bertipe-2 Interval dengan Struktur Adaptif Beracuan Model
Get PDFAdaptive fuzzy controller is a fuzzy controller that has ability to change its parameters when the plant's operating conditions vary. In this paper, design and implementation of model reference adaptive fuzzy control are presented. Interval type-2 fuzzy logic controller with PD-like action is employed and its performance is studied. The fuzzy controller structure is applied to control an inverted pendulum. Simulation and experimental study shows that by using similar membership function, fuzzy rules and scaling, interval type-2 adaptive fuzzy logic controller provides better control system performance compared to type-1 fuzzy controller
Behavior for Time Invariant Finite Dimensional Discrete Linear Systems
Get PDFThe behavior of a dynamical system, in Willems's point of view, is the set of all trajectories of the system. Fuhrmann defines a behavior as a linear, shift invariant, and complete subspace of z-1Fm[[z-1]], the vector space consisting of power series in z-1 with coefficients in signal space W=Fm. In this paper we show that the behavior of a finite dimensional, time invariant discrete linear system in Willems's setting is also a behavior according to Fuhrmann's
Interpretation of 1D Vector Controlled-Source Audio-Magnetotelluric (CSAMT) Data Using Full Solution Modeling
No full textIn conventional controlled-source audio-magnetotelluric (CSAMT) prospecting, scalar CSAMT measurement is usually performed because of its simplicity and low operational cost. Since the structure of earth's conductivity is complex, the scalar CSAMT method can lead to a less accurate interpretation. The complex conditions need more sophisticated measurements, such as vector or tensor CSAMT, to interpret the data. This paper presents 1D vector CSAMT interpretation. A full solution 1D CSAMT forward modeling has been developed and used to interpret both vector and scalar CSAMT data. Occam's smoothness constrained inversion was used to test the vector and scalar CSAMT interpretations. The results indicate the importance of vector CSAMT to interpret CSAMT data in complex geological system
Evaluation of Heavy Metals Content, Mutagenicity, and Sterility of Indonesian Coral Goniopora sp. as Bone Graft Candidate
No full textIt has been reported that Goniopora sp. coral originating from sea water can induce osteogenesis and regeneration of bone. However, biocompatibility and safety aspects of this material have not been reported yet. We have evaluated the mutagenicity of the raw material and the sterility of processed material of Indonesian coral Goniopora sp. as a potential candidate for osteogenic bone graft. In addition, heavy metals were also identified and determined. A mutagenicity test was conducted using the Ames test, while a sterility test was carried out based on the direct inoculation method. The heavy metals tested "“ including arsenic, lead, cadmium, chrome, cobalt, silver, and mercury "“ were analyzed by neutron activation analysis or atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed that the Indonesian coral did not display mutagenic properties and proved sterile after irradiation. Arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, chrome, cobalt, and silver were identified at a concentration level of ≤ 2.65, ≤3.60, 25.23, 1.72, 34.67, 0.51, and 44.01 ppm, respectively. Taking into account arsenic, lead, cadmium and mercury contents and their provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) values, the maximum daily safe exposure level of Indonesian coral Goniopora sp. was predicted to be 1 g/person. It was concluded that the coral can be developed as a potential osteogenic bone graft
Karakteristik Deformasi Gunungapi Ijen dalam Periode 2002-2005 Hasil Estimasi Metode Survei GPS
Get PDFPemantauan aktivitas gunungapi dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai metode, dimana salah satunya adalah metode deformasi. Metode ini dapat diimplementasikan menggunakan beragam sensor dan teknik, dimana salah satunya adalah teknik yang menggunakan pengamatan terhadap satelit GPS (Global Positioning System). Makalah ini menjelaskan penggunaan metode survei GPS secara periodik untuk studi deformasi Gunungapi Ijen, gunungapi aktif tipe-A yang terletak di Jawa Timur. Dari hasil survei GPS yang telah dilaksanakan pada Juni 2002, April 2004, Juni 2004 dan Agustus 2005 teramati bahwa pada saat aktivitas gunung Ijen meningkat, pergeseran titik-titik pengamatan dapat mencapai sekitar 1-2 dm, baik dalam komponen horisontal maupun vertikal. Deformasi dalam level ini belum disertai dengan aktivitas letusan dari gunung Ijen
Kajian Biodegradasi Limbah Cair Industri Biodiesel pada Kondisi Anaerob dan Aerob
Get PDFPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menangani limbah yang terjadi dari industri biodiesel. Air limbah yang dihasilkan dari industri biodiesel diperkirakan memiliki kandungan organik yang cukup tinggi. dengan demikian perlu dipertimbangkan untuk mengolahnya dengan proses anaerob, sehingga berpotensi untuk mendapatkan produk samping berupa biogas (gas metana). Namun demikian, proses aerob sebagai kelanjutan degradasi secara anaerob harus pula ditinjau, karena masih adanya kandungan organik yang tersisa setelah proses anaerob. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi proses anaerob masih kecil yang ditunjukkan oleh hasil uji Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) yang hanya sekitar 30%, akan tetapi dari uji Anaerobic Toxicity Assay (ATA) tampak bahwa limbah cair tidak menghambat pertumbuhan mikroorganisme metanogen. Kinerja proses aerob juga belum menunjukkan hasil yang maksimal, karena efisiensi biodegradasi baru sekitar 75-80%. Hal ini karena proses aerob seharusnya ditujukan untuk mengolah lebih lanjut efluen proses anaerob