Journal of Mathematical and Fundamental Sciences
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Tiering Style and Its Interpretation: Ichnofabric Study in Balikpapan Formation, Kutai Basin, Indonesia
Get PDFThe determination of tiering style is an important task in ichnology. Tiering styles can be modeled by using ichnodiversity, the number of behaviors and number of tiers and their relationships. In this study, this approach was applied in the area of Samarinda, Kutai Basin, Indonesia. The values of ichnodiversity, number of behaviors, and number of tiers were identified. Ichnodiversity was strongly correlated with number of behaviors but weakly correlated with number of tiers. Accordingly, three tiering styles were identified. Typically, tiering styles A, B, and C demonstrated high ichnodiversity, number of behaviors and number of tiers. In general, the colonization window that coincides with the environmental conditions characteristic for deltaic settings is the factor that mostly regulates these tiering styles
Evaluation of Batch Culture Phytoremediation Process using Local Hydromacrophytes to Reduce Synthetic Pesticide Residue in Contaminated Irrigation Water
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effectivity of batch culture phytoremediation to remediate irrigation water that was contaminated with 6.4 µL/L synthetic pesticide Prevathon. This was a true experimental research study using a completely randomized design, conducted in a 30 L bucket with sand and gravel as the substrate. The treatment comprised five types of hydromacrophytes (emergent, floating leaf, submerged, polyculture and control without plants), repeated three times at the same time. The effectiveness of the phytoremediation model was determined by water physicochemical parameters, periphyton diversity, percentage of pollution tolerant values (%PTV) and trophic diatom index (TDI) on day 6, 13, 29 and 37 after incubation. The research results showed significantly decreased values of biochemical oxygen demand, turbidity, bicarbonate, nitrate, orthophosphate, total phosphate and free chlorine after incubation for 6 days; decreased concentration of chemical oxygen demand after incubation for 13 days. The water quality improved from slightly and moderately polluted (diversity index 1.6-2.8) to clean and slightly polluted (diversity index 2.8-4.2), from moderately and heavily organically polluted (PTV 40.0-93.7%) to slightly organically polluted and free of organic pollution (PTV 2.4-34.1%), and from meso-eutrophic and eutrophic (TDI 37.4-70.4) to oligo and meso-eutrophic (TDI 13.7-26.4)
Conic Optimization, with Applications to (Robust) Truss Topology Design
Get PDFAfter a brief introduction to the field of Conic Optimization we presentsome interesting applications to the (robust) trus topologr design (TTD)problem, where the goal is to design a truss of a given weight best ableto withstand a set of given loads. We present a linear model for thesingle-load case and semidefinite models for the multi-load and the ro'bust TTD problem. All models are illustrated by examples. It is alsoshown that by using duality the size of some of these models can bereduced significantly
Planar Waveguide from PPV Derivatives
Get PDFAbstract. We report in this paper the result of thin film fabrication of MEH-PPV and MEH-PPB having good optical transparency and low surface roughness suitable for planar waveguide application. The linear optical properties of the polymers were characterized using reflectometry and prism coupling, while the non-linear optical property was measured by means of optical third harmonic generation (THG). The waveguide attenuation of the polymer films was determined by employing prism coupling set-up equipped with a photodiode array detector. The MEH-PPV waveguide film was shown to have a very low attenuation of 0.5 dB cm-1 at 1064 nm yielding an unprecedentedly high figure of merits of 11 at 1 GW/cm2. Pandu Gelombang Planar dari Turunan PPVSari. Dalam tulisan ini dilaporkan fabrikasi film tipis polimer MEH-PPV dan MEH-PPB yang mempunyai transparansi optik tinggi dan permukaan yang halus sehingga cocok untuk aplikasi pandu gelombang planar. Sifat optic linier dari polimer yang bersangkutan diukur dengan teknik reflektometri dan kopling prisma dan sifat optic nonlinier diukur dengan metoda third harmonic generation (THG). Selanjutnya, atenuasi pandu gelombang dari film polimer yang bersangkutan diukur dengan konfigurasi kopling prisma dan detector diode arrat. Film pandu gelombang yang dihasilkan dalam eksperimen ini memiliki atenuasi rendah sebesar 0.5 dB cm-1 pada panjang gelombang 1064 nm dan menghasilkan "figure of merits" (FOM) sebesar 11 pada intensitas 1 GW/cm2 yang merupakan nilai tertinggi sejauh ini
PQL: Operasi Komposisi dan Jaringan Semantik Data
Get PDFSari. Public Query Language (PQL) adalah bahaas penelusuran (query) pada basis data model relasi, yang lebih bersifat user friendly relative terhadap bahasa penelusuran pada Generasi ke-IV (SQL, QBE, QUEL, dll). Dari sisi struktur bahasa, PQL didasarkan pada struktur sintaks linier (tidak terdapat struktur blok rekursif). Pada sisi tampilan, hasil eksekusi dibentuk berdasarkan definisi entitas (bukan tuppel, seperti pada SQL). Dengan demikian duplikasi data pada tampilan dapat dihilangkan. Proses query dan prinsip tampilan yang dimaksudkan pada PQL dapat diimplementasikan dalam DBMS, dengan menerapkan teknik penggabungan (operator komposisi), yang didasarkan pada prinsip operator join dan navigasi pada jaringan semantik data. Operator komposisi dan jaringan semantik data adalah topik utama penelitian yang dijelaskan pada tulisan ini. PQL: Composition Operator and Semantic Data NetworkAbstract. Public Query Language (PQL) is the syntax of query for relational database, which is categorized as highly user friendly compared to the 4-th generation language (SQL, QBE, QUEL,etc.). As a query language, PQL is constructed as linear syntax (without block recursive). Visualization of the result is constructed as an entity (not tupple, as happened in SQL). As a consequence, duplication of data on the results could be rejected. Query process and the principle of visualization of result of PQL can be adapted as part of DBMS, using composition method (Composition Operator), developed as an interpretation of join operator and navigation, supported by Data Semantic Network. Both Composition Operator and Data Semantic Network are main topic discussed in this article, as the result of this research on PQL
Protein yang Terkait dengan Teratogenisitas Anggota Tubuh Mencit Swiss Webster Akibat Perlakuan dengan Asam Metoksiasetat (MAA)
No full textTelah diteliti protein yang terkait dengan teratogenesis anggota tubuh mencit Swiss Webster akibat perlakuan dengan MAA. Mencit umur kebuntingan 11 hari diberi perlakuan dosis tunggal MAA 10 mmol/kg berat badan secara gavage, sedangkan kelompok kontrol hanya diberi pelarut akuabides steril. Mencit bunting dibunuh secara dislokasi leher 4 jam setelah perlakuan dengan MAA. Tunas anggota tubuh depan diisolasi dari kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan lalu dihomogenisasi. Ekstrak kasar kemudian difraksinasi dengan amonium sulfat dan masing-masing fraksi dianalisis dengan teknik l-D dan 2-D SDS-PAGE. Elektroforegram l-D dan 2-D menunjukkan bahwa pada kelompok perlakuan fraksi protein ammonium sulfat 20-40 % (F-lI), dapat dideteksi protein 31,0-36,5 kDa serta bercak protein 35,1 kDa, pI 6,2 yang tidak terdapat pada kontrol. Pada kelompok perlakuan fraksi protein ammonium sulfat 40-60% (F-lll), dapat dideteksi protein 66,3-97,4 kDa serta bercak protein 8 I,7 kDa, pl 7,3 yang tidak terdapat pada kontrol. Sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol F-llI, protein 36,5-55,4 kDa sertab ercakp rotein 41,6 kDa, pI 6,4 terdeteksi, tetapi tidak terdeteksi pada kelompok perlakuan. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada tunas anggota tubuh depan mencit, perlakuan dengan MAA menginduksi ekspresi dua protein(35,1 kDa, pl 6,2 dan 81,7 kDa, pl 7,3) dan menghambat ekspresi satu protein(41,6 kDa, pl 6,4). Proteins which are Linked with Swiss Webster Mouse Limb Teratogenesis as the Effects of Methoxyacetic Acid (MAA) TreatmentThe analysis of proteins, which are linked with limb teratogenesis as the effects of MAA treated in Swiss Webster mouse has been investigated. A single dose of MAA 10 mmol/kg body weight was given by gavage on gestation day 11 , whereas the control group were administered sterilized distilled water. Pregnant mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation at 4 hours after MAA treatment. The forelimb buds were isolated from both control and treated group embryos and were then homogenized. The crude extracts were Then fractionated with ammonium sulfate and each fraction was analyzed by 1-D and 2-D SDS-PAGE techniques respectively. The l-D and 2 -D electrophoregrams revealed that in the treated group of protein fraction 20-40% ammonium sulfate ( F-II), a protein of 31.0-36.5 kDa and a protein spot 35.1 kDa, pl 6.2 could be detected, which was not found in the control. In the treated group of protein fraction 40-60% ammonium sulfate( F-lll) a protein of 66.3-97.4 kDa and a protein spot 81.7 kDa, pl 7.3 could be detected which was not found in the control, whereas in the control group a protein of 36.5-55.4 kDa, which is a protein spot4 1.6 and p l 6.4, was detected but not detected in the treated group.It could be concluded from this experiment that in the mouse forelimb buds, MAA treatment induce the protein expression of two proteins(35.1 kDa, pl 6.2 and 81.7 kDa, 7.3) and inhibit the expression of one protein (41.6p, l 6.4)
Performance Analysis of Leaky Buckets Integrated in ATM Networks
No full textPada makalah ini dibahas analisis kinerja leaky bucket terintegrasi pada jaringan ATM dengan kombinasi control adaptif, metode marking dan metode prioritas. Juga ditinjau kinerja leaky bucket hasil dimensioning. Sebagai ukuran kinerja digunakan peluang sel hilang di jaringan dan throughput jaringan. Trafik masukan diasumsikan model 2-phase MMBP. Penelitian serupa yang telah dilakukan oleh X. Wu menggunakan model trafik masuk batch traffic dengan prores kedatangan Poisson dan panjang batch terdistribusi geometris. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan peluang sel hilang di jaringan makin berkurang dengan ukuran token pool K yang makin kecil; berkurangnya laju pembangkitan token mengakibatkan bertambahnya throughput jaringan; panjang burst rata-rata trafik masukan yang semakin besar akan memperbesar hilangnya sel di jaringan; dan kemudian, kinerja leaky bucket makin meningkat dengan digabungkannya mekanisme pengontrol kongesti lainnya seperti pengontrolan adaptif, marking, dan prioritas. Untuk leaky bucket hasil dimensioning, simulasi antara lain menunjukkan bahwa jika laju kedatangan sel conforming (sesuai dengan kontrak trafik), maka peluang sel hilang di jaringan makin kecil jika token pool makin kecil. Untuk (M+K) yang sama, leaky bucket dengan buffer menghasilkan peluang sel hilang di jaringan lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan tanpa buffer. Leaky bucket dengan buffer M besar dan pembangkitan token N besar menghasilkan peluang sel hilang di jaringan terkecil. Jika laju kedatangan sel makin jauh dari conforming, leaky bucket dengan N besar menghasilkan throughtput jaringan yang lebih besar. Performance Analysis of Leaky Buckets Integrated in ATM NetworksThis paper is an analysis of the performance of leaky buckets, which are integrated within ATM networks combined with adaptive control, marking and prioritizing. Also discussed is the performance of leaky bucket dimensioning. This performance is evaluated through network cell loss probabilities and network throughput. The arrival process is a 2-phase MMBP. Similar research has been done by Wu [10,11] using incoming traffic model batch traffic with a Poisson arrival process and a geometrically distributed batch length. The result of the simulation shows that the network cell loss probability is reduced as the token pool size K becomes smaller and smaller, the decrease of the token generation rate causes an increase in the network throughput; the network cell loss probability is higher in the case of a larger mean burst length; and the performance of the leaky bucket can be increased by incorporating other control mechanisms such as adaptive control, marking and prioritizing. For the leaky bucket dimensioning, the results of the simulation show, among other things, that if the incoming cell rate is conforming (appropriate to traffic contract) and the token pool is reduced, then the probability of network cell loss is also reduced. If (M + K) are the same, the buffered leaky bucket results in a network cell loss probability is smaller than for an unbuffered leaky bucket. The leaky bucket with big buffer M and big token generation N result in the smallest network cell loss probability. If the incoming cell rate is far from conforming, the leaky bucket with big N results in a bigger network throughput.
A Necessary and Sufficient Condition for the Uniqueness of Minimum Spanning Tree
Get PDFWe develop a fundamental property of min-max transitive closure of a dissimilarity, considered as a fuzzry relation, in connection with its subdominant ultrametric. This will enable us firstly to derive a necessary and sufficient condition for the uniqueness of its minimum spanning tree, and secondly to find all possible local minima.Dengan menggunakan relasi samar sebagai sudut pandang, dalam tulisan ini dikembangkan suatu sifat fundamental dari penutup transitif min-maks suatu disimilaritas, dalam hubungannya dengan ultrametrik sub-dominan. Sifat tersebut memungkinkan kita merumuskan dan membuktikan suatu syarat cukup dan perlu agar suatu disimilaritas memiliki pohon kerangka minimum yang tunggal. Apabila tidak tunggal, sifat itu dapat menjadi landasan untuk menentukan semua pohon kerangka minimum lokal.
Pengaruh Kromium Klorida terhadap Perkembangan Pralahir Mencit (Mus musculus) Swiss Webster
Get PDFLarutan kromium klorida diberikan secara intraperitoneal dengan dosis tunggal 15, 22, 5, dan 30 mg Cr/kg berat badan pada mencit yang hamil 8, 10, atau 12 hari. Mencit control dan perlakuan dibunuh kemudian dibedah pada hari kehamilan ke-18. Selanjutnya, dilakukan pengamatan terhadap kejadian kematian intrauterus, berat fetus, malformasi eksternal, internal, dan rangka fetus. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa kromium trivalent menyebabkan jumlah embrio yang diresorpsi meningkat secara nyata, berat fetus berkurang dengan sangat nyata, terjadi kelambatan penulangan badan vertebra servikalis, badan vertebra sakrokaudalis, tulang tarsal, dan falang proksimal anggota belakang. Kromium yang diberikan pada hari kehamilan ke-8 menyebabkan eksensefali, sedangkan yang diberikan pada hari kehamilan ke-12 menyebabkan langit-langit bercelah. Untuk mengetahui pelaulan kromium dalam waktu 24 jam sesudah pemberian, dilakukan analisis secara Spektrofotometri Serapan Atom (SSA) terhadap darah induk, plasenta, dan fetus utuh. Hasil analisis SSA memperlihatkan bahwa kromium dapat dilakukan dari darah induk ke fetus lewat plasenta, diakumulasikan di dalam tubuh fetus, serta cenderung diretensi oleh plasenta. Chromium chloride was injected intraperitoneally at 15, 22.5, and 30 mg Cr/kg body weight to pregnant mice on the 8th, 10th, or 12th gestation day. Control and treated mice were sacrificed on the 18th gestation day, and the examination on incidences of intrauterine death, fetal weight, external, internal, and skeletal malfbrmations were performed. The results revealed that there was a significant increase in embryonic resorption, a highly significant reduction in fetal weight, significant reduction in the ossification of the cervical and sacrocaudal vertebral bodies, tarsal bones, and phalanges of the hind limbs. Administration of chromium on the 8th and 12th day of gestation showed significant incidences of exencephaly and cleft palate, respectively. In order to figure out the passage of chromium during 24 hours after administration, analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrofotometry (AAS) was performed, and the content of chromium was determined in the maternal blood, placenta, and fetuses. From the analysis it was obvious that chromium was transferred and accumulated in the fetuses, and the placenta tended to retain chromium
Eksekusi Paralel Operator Relasi dari Transaksi pada Basis Data Model Relasi
Get PDFWaktu tanggap SMBDR dicaoba diperbaiki dengan mengantisipasi eksekusi seluruh operator relasi dari transaksi secara parallel. Pada makalah ini, dijelaskan pendekatan yang memungkinkan eksekusi secara parallel (berupa usulan pendefinisian operator bebas), uji-coba, serta analisis untuk mengetahui sejauh mana perbaikan tersebut dapat dicapat. Hasil uji-coba pada sistem computer PDP-11/44, sistem operasi Xenix, digunakan mengidentifikasi kendala-kendala yang berperan dalam menentukan perbaikan termaksud. Waktu tanggap beberapa transaksi uji-coba yang dieksekusi secara parallel ternyata lebih baik daripada eksekusi secara sekuensial (reduksi : 11,36%). Beberapa transaksi uji coba lainnya kurang memberikan hasil yang mendukung hipotesa (reduksi : -60,87%). Improvement of RDBMS response-time was tried by anticipating to execute all relational operators of the transaction as a parallel process. This paper explains an approach which enables parallel execution (by defining "free operators"), test-case and analysis to know how far the improvement can be attained. Test-case result on PDP-11/44, under Xenix, was used to identify others constraints which plays role to the improvement. Response-time of test-case which parallel-execution performed better then sequential-execution (reduction : 11.,36 %). Others test-case transactions don't present satisfying result to the hypotheses (reduction : -6O,87 %)