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L’écocide et sa représentation dans la littérature mondiale
No full textCe premier chapitre commence par définir l’écocide, poser le contexte de l’invention du terme et examiner ses diverses applications, puis constater (et déplorer) qu’en dépit des efforts de certains hommes de loi, le concept n’a jamais trouvé de validité juridique au niveau international. La « substantifique moelle » du chapitre consiste en une tentative d’offrir un panorama, par époques, de la représentation de l’écocide dans la littérature mondiale des origines jusqu’à nos jours. Ce panorama est constitué, d’une part, des recherches personnelles de l’autrice du chapitre, et, d’autre part, de l’intégration des différentes réflexions proposées dans les chapitres suivants par les autres participants au volume. Toutes les interprétations des textes littéraires relèvent d’approches écocritiques, c’est-à-dire d’approches qui focalisent leur attention sur le rapport de l’homme à son environnement.This first chapter begins by defining “ecocide”; setting the context for the term’s origin; examining its various applications; and observing (and deploring the fact) that, despite the efforts of certain legal experts, the concept has never found legal acceptance at an international level. The thrust of the chapter consists in an attempt to offer a panorama, by historical and literary periods, of the representation of ecocide in world literature from its origins to the present day. This panorama is made up, on the one hand, of the author’s personal research, and on the other, of the integration of the various reflections proposed in the following chapters by the other contributors to this volume. All the interpretations of these literary texts are based on ecocritical approaches, i.e. approaches that focus on the relationship between man and his environment
[Airway management in neonates and infants : Recommendations according to the ESAIC/BJA guidelines].
No full textSecuring an airway enables the oxygenation and ventilation of the lungs and is a potentially life-saving medical procedure. Adverse and critical events are common during airway management, particularly in neonates and infants. The multifactorial reasons for this include patient-dependent, user-dependent and also external factors. The recently published joint ESAIC/BJA international guidelines on airway management in neonates and infants are summarized with a focus on the clinical application. The original publication of the guidelines focussed on naming formal recommendations based on systematically documented evidence, whereas this summary focusses particularly on the practicability of their implementation
Contrasting effects of sheep and cattle grazing on foliar fungal diseases by changing plant community characteristics
No full textPathogens are ubiquitous in ecosystems and play a key role in affecting host community structure. In grasslands, large grazing animals such as cattle and sheep have been shown to affect foliar fungal pathogens. However, theory and empirical studies have come to conflicting conclusions because grazers can directly and indirectly impact pathogens through a wide variety of mechanisms and various grazers may impact pathogens in different ways. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which grazers impact pathogens is important for a fundamental understanding of herbivore pathogen interactions and also to optimise grazing managements to reduce pathogen outbreaks.
Here, we investigate multiple mechanisms by which livestock grazing impacts foliar fungal pathogens in grasslands. We integrate a large-scale grazing experiment, with a removal experiment manipulating plant density and litter biomass, to identify direct and indirect effects of two herbivores on pathogens with different life histories (biotrophs and necrotrophs), in a temperate grassland in northeast China.
We found that grazing by cattle and sheep had contrasting impacts: cattle grazing significantly reduced pathogen load, of both biotrophs and necrotrophs, whereas sheep grazing increased biotrophic pathogen load, but did not affect the necrotrophs. The grazing effects were mostly indirect and mediated by different impacts of the herbivores on plant community structure. Cattle grazing reduced pathogen load because it reduced the abundance of susceptible, fast-growing plants, and the overall density of plants, while sheep grazing increased pathogen infection because it reduced the abundance of resistant plant species. Plant diversity also reduced pathogen infection but these effects were independent of the herbivores.
Our results show that different herbivores can have contrasting impacts on pathogen infection through contrasting impacts on host community competence. This suggests the importance of considering multiple mechanisms simultaneously to evaluate the impact of herbivores on host-pathogen interactions
Mutatio, variatio ac alteratio. An Astrological Prediction and its Impact on the Work of Philotheus of Pskov and Franciscus Skorina
No full textIn their Almanach nova plurimis annis venturis inseruientia (1st edition: 1499), the German astronomers Johann Stöffler and Jacoub Pflaum pointed out that no less than 20 planetary conjunctions were bound to happen in February 2024, presaging «indubitable mutation, variation and alteration» for the whole world. In Muscovy, this prediciton was popularized by Nicolaus Bulow (Булев), the Great Prince's personal doctor, and made a revered ascet of the time, monk Philotheus (Филофей) of Pskov, to articulate for the first time the doctrine of Moscow as the Third Rome. In the Great Duchy of Lithuania, Franciscus Skorina incorporated the German astronomers' prediction in the calendar that forms the last part of his liber viaticus, the Малая подорожная книжка of 1522. The fact that Philotheus of Pskov rejected astrology doesn't mean that he was in favor of scientific rationalism. Neither can Skorina's acceptance of it be counted as a sign of irrationalism. The real issue was not natural science, but the vision of history that goes along with astrology. Biblical eschatology, which informed Philotheus' thought, is not compatible with any theory that makes historical events dependent on the cyclical movement of celestial bodies
Dietary fibre intake and its association with ultraprocessed food consumption in the general population of Switzerland: analysis of a population-based, cross-sectional national nutrition survey.
Get PDFOBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to describe the compliance to dietary fibre recommendations of the Swiss population and to investigate the association between dietary fibre intake and ultraprocessed food (UPF) consumption.
METHODS
Data were obtained from the cross-sectional Swiss National Nutrition Survey menuCH. We summarised the sociodemographic, lifestyle and anthropometric parameters as well as dietary data collected with two 24-hour dietary recalls for the whole population and subgroups according to absolute and relative dietary fibre intake. We analysed the associations between dietary fibre intake and UPF consumption by fitting multinomial logistic regression models. Data were weighted according to the menuCH weighting strategy to achieve a representation of the Swiss population.
RESULTS
Data obtained from 2057 adults were included in the analysis, of which 87% had a dietary fibre intake of <30 g/day. Participants with high UPF consumption had lower odds of being in the medium or high dietary fibre intake groups than participants with low UPF consumption. The odds of being in the medium or high dietary fibre intake groups decreased linearly across quartiles of UPF consumption (p for trend ≤0.004).
CONCLUSIONS
Dietary fibre intake is insufficient in all population groups in Switzerland. UPF consumption is inversely and dose dependently associated with dietary fibre intake. To increase dietary fibre intake, public health measures should discourage UPF consumption and increase dietary fibre intake via unprocessed or minimally processed foods
SBRT vs. Conventional Radiotherapy for Painful Spinal Metastases: Randomised Phase 3 Trial
No full textSystematic intrafraction drift motion of lymph nodes during lung cancer DIBH radiotherapy sessions
No full textHeterotypic macrophages/microglia differentially contribute to retinal ischaemia and neovascularisation.
No full textAIMS/HYPOTHESIS
Diabetic retinopathy is characterised by neuroinflammation that drives neuronal and vascular degenerative pathology, which in many individuals can lead to retinal ischaemia and neovascularisation. Infiltrating macrophages and activated retina-resident microglia have been implicated in the progression of diabetic retinopathy, although the distinct roles of these immune cells remain ill-defined. Our aim was to clarify the distinct roles of macrophages/microglia in the pathogenesis of proliferative ischaemic retinopathies.
METHODS
Murine oxygen-induced retinopathy is commonly used as a model of ischaemia-induced proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). We evaluated the phenotype macrophages/microglia by immunostaining, quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), flow cytometry and scRNA-seq analysis. In clinical imaging studies of diabetic retinopathy, we used optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography.
RESULTS
Immunostaining, qRT-PCR and flow cytometry showed expression levels of M1-like macrophages/microglia markers (CD80, CD68 and nitric oxide synthase 2) and M2-like macrophages/microglia markers (CD206, CD163 and macrophage scavenger receptor 1) were upregulated in areas of retinal ischaemia and around neo-vessels, respectively. scRNA-seq analysis of the ischaemic retina revealed distinct ischaemia-related clusters of macrophages/microglia that express M1 markers as well as C-C chemokine receptor 2. Inhibition of Rho-kinase (ROCK) suppressed CCL2 expression and reduced CCR2-positive M1-like macrophages/microglia in areas of ischaemia. Furthermore, the area of retinal ischaemia was reduced by suppressing blood macrophage infiltration not only by ROCK inhibitor and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 antibody but also by GdCl3. Clinical imaging studies of diabetic retinopathy using OCT indicated potential involvement of macrophages/microglia represented by hyperreflective foci in areas of reduced perfusion.
CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION
These results collectively indicated that heterotypic macrophages/microglia differentially contribute to retinal ischaemia and neovascularisation in retinal vascular diseases including diabetic retinopathy. This adds important new information that could provide a basis for a more targeted, cell-specific therapeutic approach to prevent progression to sight-threatening PDR
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