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Kompetenz- und lernergebnisorientierte Minor-Studienprogramme in Nachhaltiger Entwicklung an der Universität Bern: Erkenntnisse aus der Evaluation der Studienprogramme
No full textDie Universität Bern bietet seit 2013 resp. 2015 Minor-Studienprogramme in Nachhaltiger Entwicklung auf Bachelor- und auf Masterstufe an. Diese sind kompetenz- und lernergebnisorientiert entwickelt worden, auf der Grundlage des damaligen Standes der Diskussionen um Bildung für Nachhaltige Entwicklung (BNE), Kompetenzenzförderung, Lernergebnisorientierung, inter- und transdisziplinäres Arbeiten und die gesamtgesellschaftliche Transformation Richtung Nachhaltigkeit. Bis Ende 2021 schlossen insgesamt 457 Studierende eines der Studienprogramme erfolgreich ab. Von 2019 bis 2021 wurde eine umfangreiche Evaluation der Studienprogramme durchgeführt. Diese beinhaltete schriftliche Befragungen der Studierenden, der Studienabgänger_innen, von Praktikumsbetreuenden in Betrieben sowie Workshops mit den beteiligten Dozierenden, einen Studierenden-Workshop und die Einholung von zwei Fachgutachten von international führenden BNE-Forschenden. Der vorliegende Beitrag liefert wichtige Erkenntnisse, welche für die (Weiter-) Entwicklung von nachhaltigkeitsorientierten Studienprogrammen von Relevanz sind: Die Ergebnisse bestätigen in großen Teilen die Sicht der Expert_innen indem nachhaltigkeitsorientierte Studienprogramme auf eine umfassende Befähigung zur verantwortungsvollen und selbstmotivierten Teilhabe an der Bewältigung der Herausforderungen Nachhaltiger Entwicklung ausgelegt sein sollen. Dafür sind aus Sicht der Befragten die Förderung von Kompetenzen in allen vier Kompetenzkategorien (Personale, soziale und kommunikative, Handlungs- sowie Fach- und Methodenkompetenzen) in den Studienprogrammen wie auch für das Berufsfeld wichtig. Studierende und Absolvent_innen befürworten dabei eine Vielfalt von verschiedenen Lehr- und Lernformaten, schätzen jedoch insbesondere diese mit inter- und transdisziplinärem Charakter als besonders unterstützend für den Kompetenzerwerb ein. Für die Umsetzung der Lehre in solchen Programmen ist ein Dozierenden-Team, welches eine lernendenzentrierte Rolle einnimmt und ein gemeinsames Verständnis von Kompetenzaufbau, Ausbildungselementen und Lehr- und Lernformaten über die Studienprogramme hinweg hat, zentral
Perspectives on Vector-Borne Diseases in Switzerland: A scoping review : Search strategies
Get PDFObjective:
The overall objective of this scoping review is to understand the potential evolution of vector-borne diseases (VBDs) in Switzerland by exploring two potential scenarios:
1). The spread and establishment of invasive vector species and their associated VBD in Switzerland or 2). The possibility of the spread of a VBD within existing (endemic) vector species.
To answer the research question of this scoping review project, a systematic literature search was conducted by searching Embase.com, Web of Science Core Collection, and Google Scholar
Pharmacokinetics-Based Pediatric Dose Evaluation and Optimization Using Saliva - A Case Study.
Get PDFUnderstanding pharmacokinetics (PK) in children is a prerequisite to determine optimal pediatric dosing. As plasma sampling in children is challenging, alternative PK sampling strategies are needed. In this case study we evaluated the suitability of saliva as alternative PK matrix to simplify studies in infants, investigating metamizole, an analgesic used off-label in infants. Six plasma and 6 saliva PK sample collections were scheduled after a single intravenous dose of 10 mg/kg metamizole. Plasma/saliva pharmacometric (PMX) modeling of the active metabolites 4-methylaminoantipyrine (4-MAA) and 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AA) was performed. Various reduced plasma sampling scenarios were evaluated by PMX simulations. Saliva and plasma samples from 25 children were included (age range, 5-70 months; weight range, 8.7-24.8 kg). Distribution of metamizole metabolites between plasma and saliva was without delay. Estimated mean (individual range) saliva/plasma fractions of 4-MAA and 4-AA were 0.32 (0.05-0.57) and 0.57 (0.25-0.70), respectively. Residual variability of 4-MAA (4-AA) in saliva was 47% (28%) versus 17% (11%) in plasma. A simplified sampling scenario with up to 6 saliva samples combined with 1 plasma sample was associated with similar PK parameter estimates as the full plasma sampling scenario. This case study with metamizole shows increased PK variability in saliva compared to plasma, compromising its suitability as single matrix for PK studies in infants. Nonetheless, rich saliva sampling can reduce the number of plasma samples required for PK characterization, thereby facilitating the conduct of PK studies to optimize dosing in pediatric patients
Sero-prevalence and risk factors associated with occurrence of anti-Brucella antibodies among slaughterhouse workers in Uganda.
Get PDFINTRODUCTION
Brucellosis is a febrile zoonosis occurring among high-risk groups such as livestock keepers and abattoir workers and is a public health priority in Uganda. The technical complexities of bacteriological and molecular methods make serological approaches the cornerstone of diagnosis of human brucellosis in resource limited settings. Therefore, proper application and interpretation of serological tests is central to achieve a correct diagnosis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We conducted a cross-sectional study to estimate the seroprevalence and factors associated with anti-Brucella antibodies among slaughterhouse workers processing ruminants and pigs in three regions of the country with serial testing using a combination of the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and the BrucellaCapt test. An authorized clinician collected 543 blood samples from consenting abattoir workers as well as attribute medical and social demographic data. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to determine factors associated with anti-Brucella sero-positivity.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The sero-prevalence among ruminant slaughterhouse workers ranged from 7.3% (95% CI: 4.8-10.7) using BrucellaCapt to 9.0% (95% CI: 6.3-12.7) using RBT. Slaughterhouse workers from the Eastern regions (AOR = 9.84, 95%CI 2.27-69.2, p = 0.006) and those who graze animals for alternative income (AOR = 2.36, 95% CI: 1.91-6.63, p = 0.040) were at a higher risk of exposure to Brucella. Similarly, those who wore Personal Protective Equipment (AOR = 4.83, 95%CI:1.63-18.0, p = 0.009) and those who slaughter cattle (AOR = 2.12, 95%CI: 1.25-6.0, p = 0.006) were at a higher risk of exposure to Brucella. Those who slaughter small ruminants (AOR = 1.54, 95%CI: 1.32-4.01, p = 0.048) were also at a higher risk of exposure to Brucella.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Our study demonstrates the combined practical application of the RBT and BrucellaCapt in the diagnosis of human brucellosis in endemic settings. Both pharmaceutical (e.g., routine testing and timely therapeutic intervention), and non-pharmaceutical (e.g., higher index of suspicion of brucellosis when investigating fevers of unknown origin and observation of strict abattoir hygiene) countermeasures should be considered for control of the disease in high-risk groups
Editorial: The early life window of opportunity: role of the microbiome on immune system imprinting.
Get PDFBayesian Meta-Analysis of Health State Utility Values: A Tutorial with a Practical Application in Heart Failure.
Get PDFResearchers incorporate health state utility values as inputs to inform economic models. However, for a particular health state or condition, multiple utility values derived from different studies typically exist and a single study is often insufficient to represent the best available source of utility needed to inform policy decisions. The purpose of this paper is to provide an introductory guidance for conducting Bayesian meta-analysis of health state utility values to generate a single parameter input for economic evaluation, using R. The tutorial is illustrated using data from a systematic review of health state utilities of patients with heart failure, with 21 studies that reported utilities measured using the EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D). Explanations, key considerations and suggested readings are provided for each step of the tutorial, adhering to a clear workflow for conducting Bayesian meta-analysis: (1) setting-up the data; (2) employing methods to impute missing standard deviations; (3) defining the priors; (4) fitting the model; (5) diagnosing model convergence; (6) interpreting the results; and (7) performing sensitivity analyses. The posterior distributions for the pooled effect size (i.e. mean health state utility) and between-study heterogeneity are discussed and interpreted in light of the data, priors and models used. We hope that this tutorial will foster interest in Bayesian methods and their applications in the meta-analysis of utilities
Absolute dating of the European Neolithic using the 5259 BC rapid 14C excursion.
Get PDFAbrupt radiocarbon (14C) excursions, or Miyake events, in sequences of radiocarbon measurements from calendar-dated tree-rings provide opportunities to assign absolute calendar dates to undated wood samples from contexts across history and prehistory. Here, we report a tree-ring and 14C-dating study of the Neolithic site of Dispilio, Northern Greece, a waterlogged archaeological site on Lake Kastoria. Findings secure an absolute, calendar-dated time using the 5259 BC Miyake event, with the final ring of the 303-year-long juniper tree-ring chronology dating to 5140 BC. While other sites have been absolutely dated to a calendar year through 14C-signature Miyake events, Dispilio is the first European Neolithic site of these and it provides a fixed, calendar-year anchor point for regional chronologies of the Neolithic
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