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Standard and fractional reflected Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes as the limits of square roots of Cox–Ingersoll–Ross processes
No full textRegional-scale phytoplankton dynamics and their association with glacier meltwater runoff in Svalbard
No full textArctic amplification of global warming has accelerated mass loss of Arctic land ice over the past decades and led to increased freshwater discharge into glacier fjords and adjacent seas. Glacier freshwater discharge is typically associated with high sediment load which limits the euphotic depth but may also aid to provide surface waters with essential nutrients, thus having counteracting effects on marine productivity. In situ observations from a few measured fjords across the Arctic indicate that glacier fjords dominated by marine-terminating glaciers are typically more productive than those with only land-terminating glaciers. Here we combine chlorophyll a from satellite ocean color, an indicator of phytoplankton biomass, with glacier meltwater runoff from climatic mass-balance modeling to establish a statistical model of summertime phytoplankton dynamics in Svalbard (mid-June to September). Statistical analysis reveals significant and positive spatiotemporal associations of chlorophyll a with glacier runoff for 7 out of 14 primary hydrological regions but only within 10 km distance from the shore. These seven regions consist predominantly of the major fjord systems of Svalbard. The adjacent land areas are characterized by a wide range of total glacier coverage (35.5%to 81.2 %) and fraction of marine-terminating glacier area (40.2% to 87.4 %). We find that an increase in specific glacier-runoff rate of 10mm water equivalent per 8 d period raises summertime chlorophyll a concentrations by 5.2% to 20.0%, depending on the region. During the annual peak discharge we estimate that glacier runoff increases chlorophyll a by 13.1% to 50.2% compared to situations with no runoff. This suggests that glacier runoff is an important factor sustaining summertime phytoplankton production in Svalbard fjords, in line with findings from several fjords in Greenland. In contrast, for regions bordering open coasts, and beyond 10 km distance from the shore, we do not find significant associations of chlorophyll a with runoff. In these regions, physical ocean and sea-ice variables control chlorophyll a, pointing at the importance of a late sea-ice breakup in northern Svalbard, as well as the advection of Atlantic water masses along the West Spitsbergen Current for summertime phytoplankton dynamics. Our method allows for the investigation and monitoring of glacier-runoff effects on primary production throughout the summer season and is applicable on a pan-Arctic scale, thus complementing valuable but scarce in situ measurements in both space and time
Matens meglere: Kontroll, kvalitet og kunnskap i den industrielle matens tid
No full textHvordan kan vi stole på at maten vi kjøper i butikken ikke gjør oss syke? Etableringen av institusjoner, lover og kontrollsystemer som sikrer oss at maten er trygg, er resultatet av en lang og sammensatt historisk prosess. Denne boken ser nærmere på denne prosessen, og på hvordan ulike aktører og institusjoner – kalt matens meglere – har arbeidet for å gjøre maten vi spiser god, sunn og sikker.
Matens meglere viser hvordan moderne mat og matsystemer kan forstås som resultat av en rekke styringsforsøk og forhandlinger om hvordan mat blir til. Forfatterne ser på lover og regler, ekspertise, teknologier og medier som bidrar til å knytte de moderne industrialiserte matsystemene sammen. Tematikken strekker seg fra kokebøker og husmorskoler, som har hatt stor innflytelse på det norske kostholdet, til etablering av matvareindustri, fryseteknologi, datomerking og vurdering av matkvalitet. Videre ser forfatterne på mat på TV som opplysningsvirksomhet, og debatt omkring industrielt produserte ingredienser og matprodukter som margarin, vanilje og oppdrettslaks.
Gjennom disse eksemplene viser boken hvordan kontroll, kvalitet og kunnskap ble nødvendige omdreiningspunkt i den industrielle matens tid. Forfatterne har bakgrunn fra vitenskap- og teknologistudier, historie, antropologi, sosiologi og medievitenskap.
Redaktører er Terje Finstad, Stig Kvaal og Per Østby, alle ved Institutt for tverrfaglige kulturstudier ved NTNU og Håkon B. Stokland ved Norsk institutt for naturforskning og Institutt for tverrfaglige kulturstudier ved NTNU
The association between the subjective feeling of sexual satisfaction and the frequency of sexual dreams
No full textThis study investigated the association between sexual satisfaction and sexual dreams. Research has previously investigated both variables separately, but the association between them has received less attention. Sexual dreams might function as compensatory mechanisms to heighten sexual satisfaction, or they can be mediated by experiences in waking day life, thereby sexual satisfaction. As our study sought to investigate this relationship, it gives information and data regarding the topics themselves, and how to perceive them. By utilizing surveys including variables such as sexual satisfaction, relationship status, gender, and sexual activity, 87 participants gave information about their dreams during a 28-day data collection period, where participants were to fill out one survey each morning. Results showed significant positive correlations between relationship status and sexual satisfaction, no correlation between sexual satisfaction and sexual dreams, and a small group difference within sexual satisfaction with higher scoring participants reporting more frequent sexual dreams. Almost no explanatory power for age, gender, relationship status, and sexual satisfaction in predicting sexual dreams was found. Future research should employ longitudinal designs as it seems best suited to give information regarding sexual dreams and sexual satisfaction over time. It should also include a Scandinavian sample and focus on mediating variables that might affect sexual satisfaction and sexual dreams directly and indirectly. As literature and knowledge develop, new insight will be brought forward regarding the mechanisms behind these variables, as well as contribute to the understanding of how they function dependently, independently, and how they affect other topics such as psychopathology.
Keywords: Sexual satisfaction, dreams, sexual dreams, continuity hypothesis, compensatory aspects of dreams, relationship statu
The Association Between Sexual Activity and Sexual Dreams in Norwegian adults
No full textRelationships between waking life and dream content have been a subject of interest since the very beginning of human history. However, few researchers have investigated into the relationship between waking life and sexual dreams. Dreaming provides meaningful insight in understanding psychological wellbeing and mood, and sexuality could be considered especially relevant in this connection. Sexual activity may help explain incorporations of sexual content in dreams, theorized through the continuity hypothesis of dreaming and the potential function of dreams as compensatory. The present study investigates sexual dream prevalence and frequency, as well as relationships with sexual activity before sleep, sexual dreams, gender, and relationship status. A four week long diary study consisting of 87 adults was used, implementing correlational measures of variables. Results gave no significant findings in support of a connection between sexual activity and sexual dreams, neither did gender or relationship status. A marginal difference in sexual dream frequency between men and women was found. The findings do not provide support for a compensatory theory of dreaming; however, they succeed in broadening the spectrum of interest on the field. Further research should include measures of sexual fantasizing and emotional intensity, preferably through longitudinal diary studies. Achieving a deeper understanding of factors associated with sexual dream prevalence and frequency may contribute to increased knowledge about the potential functions of dreaming. This might consequently facilitate for better treatment possibilities related to psychopathology
Risikoverktøy for fuktsikker oppgradering av småhus
No full textRisikoverktøyet kan brukes til å vurdere risiko for fuktproblemer ved implementering av ulike løsninger for oppgradering av boliger. Verktøyet er overordnet, men gir opplysninger om hvor man kan finne mer detaljert informasjon om tiltaket man ønsker å implementere. Det gir ikke en fasit på hvilke løsninger som bør velges i et gitt prosjekt, men indikerer hvilke løsninger som er forbundet med høyere risiko. Dersom man kun velger tiltak med lav risiko, er det liten sannsynlighet for at det oppstår fuktproblemer. Ved bruk av flere løsninger med høy risiko, øker sannsynligheten for fuktproblemer. Ved å velge mange "høyrisiko"-løsninger vil det være nødvendig med mer omfattende prosjektering. Slike løsninger vil også være mer utsatt ved avvik i utførelsen. I tillegg er det viktig å huske på at ulike løsninger for oppgradering påvirker hverandre. Dersom man for eksempel monterer ny vindsperre og etterisolerer, vil boligens tetthet sannsynligvis øke. Da blir det større behov for å kontrollere ventilasjonen i boligen, og man bør vurdere å installere balansert ventilasjon for å unngå fuktproblemer
The psychology of green entrepreneurship: Founder-driven development of green climate in small-scale companies
No full textThis study explores the psychology of green entrepreneurship and the role of the founder in establishing a green climate in organisations. The study examined the process of founding an environmentally sustainable organisational climate in small-scale Norwegian manufacturing companies. Focus group interviews were conducted and questionnaires were distributed in the field; subsequently, the founders participated in an in-depth follow-up interview to explore the evolving elements of the green climate. Thematic analysis revealed that the founders’ environmental focus had different origins, indicative of four motivational categories: opposition, frugality, activism and idealism. The founders played a crucial role in influencing employee green behaviour through both supervision and direct behavioural instructions. Moreover, the participants frequently mentioned the practical aspects of the environmental focus, while values and strategies were generally tacit. The findings indicate that the founders’ motivational position determined the trajectory of the development of a green climate
Monitoring glacial lakes and outburst floods around Jostedalsbreen ice cap, Norway
No full textAs a result of global climate change, glacial lakes are undergoing rapid changes and are becoming more dynamic, posing a risk of outburst floods for communities and infrastructures nearby (Shugar et al., 2020). With no doubt, mainland Europe’s largest glacier, Jostedalsbreen has already experienced 20 GLOF events, out of 147 in Norway, with 4-5 events in the last 2 decades (Andreassen, Nagy, Kjøllmoen, & Leigh, 2022; Nagy & Andreassen, 2019). NVE has been closely monitoring glacial lakes in Norway including Jostedalsbreen through satellite-based application www.xgeo.no and inventories of glacial lakes in certain years. This study, however, analyzes the time series of higher frequency data to study rapid drainage events, month-to-month (seasonal)/year-to-year (annual) variations, and trend in growth of glacial lakes around Jostedalsbreen both with and without history of GLOF events in recent years.
The approach of the study is to calculate the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) of Sentinel 2 and PlanetScope imageries acquired from Copernicus Satellite Services and Planet Labs websites, use a threshold NDWI value to separate the water pixels from non-water pixels and manually digitize where necessary to obtain the lake area. A threshold NDWI value which best represents the area of lakes and reduces the need for digitization is obtained with reference to manually digitized high resolution ortho-imagery of same lakes in Jostedalsbreen.
The study found no significant evidence of rapid drainage events indicative of GLOF. However, lake L2 (Associated Glacier: Marabreen/Glacier ID: 2364/type: glacier-dammed) and L19 (Associated Glacier: Supphellebreen/Glacier ID – 2352/type: moraine-dammed) both with history of GLOF events were found to be significantly reduced in size within an interval of 1 to 2 months, but the intermediate imageries showed no evidence of rapid drainage. Further, percentage variation (SD) in normalized maximum annual surface area of lakes connected-to-glacier was significantly higher (p-value = 0.01) than for lakes not-connected-to-glacier. Among all lakes, lake L23 (Glacial ID: 2293/type: supraglacial) showed the highest variation in overall 6 years. Though not significant, lakes connected-to-glacier including moraine-dammed lakes showed an increasing trend in maximum annual surface area in 6 years.
In recent years in Western Norway, the temperature has risen even higher (Meteorological Institute Norway, 2021), causing the ablation process to accelerate, resulting in an increased surface area of lakes (meaning more water or a rise in water level). Simultaneously, the glacier is also calving which might be a trigger factor for outburst in lakes connected-to-glacier. In such a scenario, the risk of damage due to potential outburst might be higher than before. Therefore, the need for a regular monitoring of glacial lakes, especially for lakes with high potential of outburst, is a most in Jostedalsbreen region
Dark Energy Survey Year 3 Results: Measuring the Survey Transfer Function with Balrog
No full textWe describe an updated calibration and diagnostic framework, Balrog, used to directly sample the selection and photometric biases of the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Year 3 (Y3) data set. We systematically inject onto the single-epoch images of a random 20% subset of the DES footprint an ensemble of nearly 30 million realistic galaxy models derived from DES Deep Field observations. These augmented images are analyzed in parallel with the original data to automatically inherit measurement systematics that are often too difficult to capture with generative models. The resulting object catalog is a Monte Carlo sampling of the DES transfer function and is used as a powerful diagnostic and calibration tool for a variety of DES Y3 science, particularly for the calibration of the photometric redshifts of distant "source" galaxies and magnification biases of nearer "lens" galaxies. The recovered Balrog injections are shown to closely match the photometric property distributions of the Y3 GOLD catalog, particularly in color, and capture the number density fluctuations from observing conditions of the real data within 1% for a typical galaxy sample. We find that Y3 colors are extremely well calibrated, typically within ∼1–8 mmag, but for a small subset of objects, we detect significant magnitude biases correlated with large overestimates of the injected object size due to proximity effects and blending. We discuss approaches to extend the current methodology to capture more aspects of the transfer function and reach full coverage of the survey footprint for future analyses