NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Not a member yet
344281 research outputs found
Sort by
Smertelindring til den opioidavhengige pasienten: “Hvordan tilrettelegge for god smertelindring til den opioidavhengige pasienten med utgangspunkt i kunnskap, holdninger og gode relasjoner?”
No full textBakgrunn: Opioidavhengige pasienter på sykehus blir ofte møtt med stigmatiserende holdninger. Mangelfull kunnskap hos sykepleiere påvirker smertelindrende behandling hos opioidavhengige pasienter. Problemstilling: “Hvordan tilrettelegge for god smertelindring til den opioidavhengige pasienten med utgangspunkt i kunnskap, holdninger og gode relasjoner?” Metode: Oppgaven er en litteraturstudie. Relevant forskningslitteratur er innhentet gjennom søk i ulike databaser. Utvalgt fag- og forskningslitteratur benyttes for å drøfte problemstillingen. Teori/Resultat: Sentralt rammeverk for oppgaven er Joyce Travelbee sin teori om mennesket som et unikt individ, og etablering av et menneske-til-menneske-forhold. Faglitteratur er særlig rettet mot rusmiddelavhengighet, opioider og smerte. Det er inkludert forskningsartikler som belyser problemstillingen fra ulike perspektiv. Drøfting: Gjennom oppgaven undersøkes det hvordan begrensninger ved sykepleiers kunnskap og holdninger har betydning for smertelindringen. Videre drøftes hvordan den gode relasjonen mellom sykepleier og den opioidavhengige pasienten kan bidra til god smertelindring. Konklusjon: Det er en sammenheng mellom utilstrekkelig smertelindring, kunnskapsnivå, stigmatiserende holdninger og relasjoner mellom pasient og sykepleier
Do providers use computerized clinical decision support systems? A systematic review and meta-regression of clinical decision support uptake
No full textMathematically Gifted Students’ Experience With Their Teachers’ Mathematical Competence and Boredom in School: A Qualitative Interview Study
No full textCompetent mathematics teachers who have knowledge of gifted students’ needs can challenge them in math and prevent boredom and possible underachievement. This retrospective study explores how Norwegian gifted students perceive their earlier teachers’ mathematical competency, as well as their reflections about boredom in school. The data were collected through qualitative semistructured interviews with 11 mathematically gifted students who participated in accelerated classes throughout school. The informants ranged in age from 16 to 19 years and were asked about how they experienced their math classes, teachers, and social aspects. The results indicate that students view their teachers as having less mathematical knowledge in earlier school than in later years and that teachers’ mathematical knowledge might effect whether they are able to challenge and identify students who are gifted in mathematics
Workplace Factors Associated With Return to Work After Mild-to-Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury
No full textAbstract Objective: Sociodemographic and injury-related predictors for return to work (RTW) after mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) have been extensively explored. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding work-related predictors of RTW. The main aim of this study was to explore work-related predictors of work participation 6 and 12 months after mild-to-moderate TBI. Setting: Data were collected at baseline 8 to 12 weeks after injury, and 3, 6, and 12 months after baseline, at a specialized TBI rehabilitation outpatient clinic at Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Participants: Eligible patients had suffered a mild-to-moderate TBI 8 to 12 weeks previously, were employed 50% or more at time of injury, were between 18 and 60 years of age, and sick listed 50% or more at time of inclusion due to symptoms of TBI (based on the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire). In total, 116 patients were included in a randomized controlled trial, of whom 113 were included in the 1-year analysis. Design: Patients were originally included in a randomized controlled trial. There were no between-group differences in RTW after 1 year. Thus, the participants were evaluated as one cohort in this study. Main measures: The primary outcome measure was work participation 1 year after study inclusion. Work-related predictors were chosen on the basis of previous research and expert opinion and entered into a multivariable linear regression model. The model controlled for sociodemographic and injury-related factors. Results: The best-fitting model explained 25% of variation in work participation at 1 year. Significant predictors were predictability, quantitative demands and rewards (recognition) at the workplace, private or public employment, symptom burden at baseline, and sex. Conclusion: In this study, several work-related predictors outperformed some of the established sociodemographic and injury-related predictors of RTW after TBI, thus stressing the need for further focus and research on amendable predictors of RTW after mild-to-moderate TBI
On sufficient density conditions for lattice orbits of relative discrete series
No full textThis note provides new criteria on a unimodular group G and a discrete series representation (π,Hπ) of formal degree dπ>0 under which any lattice Γ≤G with vol(G/Γ)dπ≤1 (resp. vol(G/Γ)dπ≥1) admits g∈Hπ such that π(Γ)g is a frame (resp. Riesz sequence). The results apply to all projective discrete series of exponential Lie groups
An epigenetic association analysis of childhood trauma in psychosis reveals possible overlap with methylation changes associated with PTSD
No full textPatients with a severe mental disorder report significantly higher levels of childhood trauma (CT) than healthy individuals. Studies have suggested that CT may affect brain plasticity through epigenetic mechanisms and contribute to developing various psychiatric disorders. We performed a blood-based epigenome-wide association study using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-short form in 602 patients with a current severe mental illness, investigating DNA methylation association separately for five trauma subtypes and the total trauma score. The median trauma score was set as the predefined cutoff for determining whether the trauma was present or not. Additionally, we compared our genome-wide results with methylation probes annotated to candidate genes previously associated with CT. Of the patients, 83.2% reported CT above the cutoff in one or more trauma subtypes, and emotional neglect was the trauma subtype most frequently reported. We identified one significant differently methylated position associated with the gene TANGO6 for physical neglect. Seventeen differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were associated with different trauma categories. Several of these DMRs were annotated to genes previously associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder and cognitive impairments. Our results support a biomolecular association between CT and severe mental disorders. Genes that were previously identified as differentially methylated in CT-exposed subjects with and without psychosis did not show methylation differences in our analysis. We discuss this inconsistency, the relevance of our findings, and the limitations of our study
Protocol for data extraction: how realworld data have been used in the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence appraisals of cancer therapy
No full textIntroduction
Due to the limitations of relying on randomised controlled trials, the potential benefits of real-world data (RWD) in enriching evidence for health technology assessment (HTA) are highlighted. Despite increased interest in RWD, there is limited systematic research investigating how RWD have been used in HTA. The main purpose of this protocol is to extract relevant data from National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) appraisals in a transparent and reproducible manner in order to determine how NICE has incorporated a broader range of evidence in the appraisal of oncology medicines.
Methods and analysis
The appraisals issued between January 2011 and May 2021 are included following inclusion criteria. The data extraction tool newly developed for this research includes the critical components of economic evaluation. The information is extracted from identified appraisals in accordance with extraction rules. The data extraction tool will be validated by a second researcher independently. The extracted data will be analysed quantitatively to investigate to what extent RWD have been used in appraisals. This is the first protocol to enable data to be extracted comprehensively and systematically in order to review the use of RWD.
Ethics and dissemination
This study is approved by the Ethics Committee of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine on 14 November 2019 (17315). Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals
Short-term Music Therapy for Families With Preterm Infants: A Randomized Trial
No full textOBJECTIVES
To evaluate short-term effects of music therapy (MT) for premature infants and their caregivers on mother-infant bonding, parental anxiety, and maternal depression.
METHODS
Parallel, pragmatic, randomized controlled-trial conducted in 7 level III NICUs and 1 level IV NICU in 5 countries enrolling premature infants (<35 weeks gestational age at birth) and their parents. MT included 3 sessions per week with parent-led, infant-directed singing supported by a music therapist. Primary outcome was mother-infant bonding as measured by the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) at discharge from NICU. Secondary outcomes were parents’ symptoms of anxiety measured by General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and maternal depression measured by Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS). Group differences at the assessment timepoint of discharge from hospital were tested by linear mixed effect models (ANCOVA).
RESULTS
From August 2018 to April 2020, 213 families were enrolled in the study, of whom 108 were randomly assigned to standard care and 105 to MT. Of the participants, 208 of 213 (98%) completed treatment and assessments. Participants in the MT group received a mean (SD) of 10 sessions (5.95), and 87 of 105 participants (83%) received the minimum of 6 sessions. The estimated group effect (95% confidence interval) for PBQ was −0.61 (−1.82 to 0.59). No significant differences between groups were found (P = .32). No significant effects for secondary outcomes or subgroups were found.
CONCLUSIONS
Parent-led, infant-directed singing supported by a music therapist resulted in no significant differences between groups in mother-infant bonding, parental anxiety, or maternal depression at discharge
Pelagic ecosystem dynamics between late autumn and the post spring bloom in a sub-Arctic fjord
No full textMarine ecosystems, and particularly fjords, are experiencing an increasing level of human activity on a yearround basis, including the poorly studied winter period. To improve the knowledge base for environmentally
sustainable management in all seasons, this study provides hydrographic and biological baseline data for the
sub-Arctic fjord Kaldfjorden, Northern Norway (69.7 N, 18.7 E), between autumn 2017 and spring 2018.
Field observations are integrated with results of a numerical ocean model simulation, illustrating how pelagic
biomass, represented by chlorophyll a (Chl a), particulate organic carbon (POC), and zooplankton, is affected
by stratification and circulation from October to May. We observed an unusually warm autumn that likely
delayed the onset of cooling and may have supported the high abundances of holoplankton and meroplankton
(5768 individuals m–3). With the onset of winter, the water column cooled and became vertically mixed, while
suspended Chl a concentrations declined rapidly (–3). In January and February, suspended POC
concentrations and downward flux were elevated near the seafloor. The hydrodynamic model results indicate
that the strongest currents at depth occurred in these months, potentially inducing resuspension events close
to the seafloor. In spring (April), peak abundances of suspended biomass were observed (6.9–7.2 mg Chl a m–3
at 5–15 m; 9952 zooplankton ind. m–3 at 0–100 m), and field observations and model results suggest that
zooplankton of Atlantic origin were probably advected into Kaldfjorden. During all investigated seasons, the
model simulation suggests a complex circulation pattern, even in such a small fjord, which can have
implications for environmental management of the fjord. We conclude that the pelagic system in
Kaldfjorden changes continually from autumn to spring and that winter must be seen as a dynamic period,
not a season where the fjord ecosystem is ‘at rest’
Understanding the Effects of Power Ultrasound on the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) and the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) on Polycrystalline Pt and Ni in Alkaline and Acidic Solutions
No full textThe aim of this Ph.D. project was to investigate the effect of power ultrasound on the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on polycrystalline nickel (Ni) and platinum (Pt) in alkaline and acidic electrolytes in order to understand the kinetics and mechanisms of HER and OER at these electrodes under ultrasonic conditions. The secondary objective was to elucidate the mechanism(s) for the observed decrease in cell voltages and the anodic and cathodic overpotentials in the presence of ultrasonication.
In the present dissertation, firstly, we investigated the effects of power ultrasound (26 kHz, up to 100% acoustic amplitude) on the HER on polycrystalline Pt disc electrode in 0.5 M H2SO4 by cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry at 25 oC. We also studied the formation of molecular hydrogen bubbles on a Pt wire in the absence and presence of power ultrasound using ultra-fast camera imaging. It was found that ultrasound significantly increases currents towards the HER i.e., a ~250% increase in current density was achieved at maximum ultrasonic power. The potential at a current density of ₋10 mA cm₋2 under silent conditions was found to be ₋46 mV and decreased to ₋27 mV at 100% acoustic amplitude i.e., a E shift of +20 mV, indicating the influence of ultrasound on improving the HER activity. A nearly 100% increase in the exchange current density (jo) and a 30% decrease in the Tafel slope (b) at maximum ultrasonic power, was observed in the low overpotential region, although in the high overpotential region, the Tafel slopes (b) were not significantly affected when compared to silent conditions.
Motivated by the fact that Ni and Ni-based materials have attracted great interest in the development of renewable energy technologies, including fuel cells and water electrolysers, and due to their good stability, catalytic activity, abundance, and lower cost when compared to the currently used Platinum Group Metals (PGM)-based materials, we designed a facile and scalable approach for activating the surface of metallic Ni for the HER in aqueous alkaline media through continuous and pulsed ultrasound (24 kHz, 44 W, 60% acoustic amplitude). Sonoactivated Ni showed a remarkably enhanced HER activity with a much lower overpotential at −10 mA cm−2 of −277 mV vs. RHE when compared to non-sonoactivated Ni. The outcome of our research offers a novel route for activating Ni-based materials by ultrasonic treatment to tune the chemical composition and electrocatalytic activity of the Ni surface for the electrochemical water splitting reaction.
Understanding the activity dependence of the KOH concentration (pH) of alkaline electrolytes is essential for designing durable and active HER catalysts. Motivated by this fact, the HER activity and kinetics of polycrystalline and nanostructured nickel-based catalysts were evaluated in various pH’s and KOH concentrations. The results for nanostructured NiMo catalyst indicate that both electrochemical active surface area and reaction order have a promoting region under various pH and KOH concentrations (0.01 M-1.0 M, pH=12-14) accompanied by better HER activity (a lower overpotential for achieving ₋10 mA cm-2) and Tafel slope decreases from around 180 mV dec-1 to 60 mV dec-1 in the same pH and KOH concentration range. The polycrystalline Ni displays different behaviour where a promoting (0.01 to 0.10 M, pH = 12-13), stabilizing (0.1 to 1.0 M, pH 13-14), and an inhibiting region (2.0 M, pH > 14) are present. However, Tafel slopes of around 120 mV dec-1 are obtained for polycrystalline Ni at all KOH concentrations. The HER characteristics are inhibited at 2.0 M KOH for both catalysts due to slower OH- transport kinetics. The results confirmed the importance of tuning catalyst-pH/KOH concentration for better HER activity and kinetics.
The development of cost-effective and active water-splitting electrocatalysts is an essential step towards the realisation of sustainable energy. Its success requires an intensive improvement in the kinetics of the anodic half-reaction of the OER, which determines the overall system efficiency to a large extent. Motivated by this, we developed a facile and one-route strategy to activate the surface of metallic nickel (Ni) for the OER in alkaline media by ultrasound (24 kHz, 44 W, 60% acoustic amplitude). Sonoactivated Ni showed enhanced OER activity with a much lower potential at +10 mA cm-2 of +1.594 V vs. RHE after 30 min ultrasonic treatment compared to +1.617 V vs. RHE before ultrasonication. In addition, lower charge transfer resistance of 11.1 Ω was observed for sonoactivated Ni as compared to 98.5 Ω for non-sonoactivated Ni.
Finally and for completeness of the Ph.D. project, the electrochemical kinetics and mechanism of Raney-Ni towards the HER and the OER under silent (no ultrasound) and ultrasonic (408 kHz) conditions have been investigated in 30 wt.- % aqueous KOH solution at different temperatures (T = 25, 40 and 60 °C). It was observed that there is a significant difference between the effect of ultrasonication on the HER and the OER. Ultrasonication significantly shifts the overpotential at ₋300 mA cm-2 (ƞ300) of HER by +34 mV at 25 °C due chiefly to the effective bubble removal while it does not influence the OER overpotential. It was also shown that the ultrasonic effect on the HER depends upon temperature, and ultrasonication does not play a remarkable role at high temperatures. Moreover, ultrasonication cannot overcompensate for the decreasing HER activity by lowering the temperature