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Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis:Predictors of Relapsing, Recurrent, and Chronic Depression in Young People
No full textObjective: Youth depression disrupts the social and vocational transition into adulthood. Most depression burden is caused by recurring or chronic episodes. Identifying young people at risk for relapsing, recurring, or chronic depression is critical. We systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed the literature on prognostic factors for relapsing, recurrent, and chronic depression in young people. Method: We searched the literature up (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Embase, CENTRAL, WHO ICTRP, ClinicalTrials.gov, bioRxiv, MedRxiv) to March 6, 2024, and included cohort studies and randomized trials that assessed any prognostic factor for relapse, recurrence, or chronicity of depression in young people (aged 10-25 years at baseline) with a minimum of a 3-month follow-up. We assessed individual study risk of bias using the QUIPS tool and the certainty of evidence via the GRADE approach. We conducted random-effects meta-analyses with Hartung–Knapp–Sidik–Jonkman adjustment when 3 or more estimates on the same prognostic factor were available. Qualitative synthesis was conducted to identify promising prognostic factors that could not be meta-analyzed. Results: A total of 76 reports of 46 studies (unique cohorts or trials) were included that tested 388 unique prognostic factors in 7,488 young people experiencing depression. The majority of the reports were at high risk of bias (87%). We conducted 22 meta-analyses on unadjusted, and 7 on adjusted, prognostic factors of a poor course trajectory (ie, combined relapse, recurrence, and chronicity). Female sex (adjusted; odds ratio [95% CI] = 1.49 [1.15, 1.93], p = .003), higher severity of depressive symptoms (unadjusted; standardized mean difference [95% CI] = 0.53 [0.33, 0.73], p < .001), lower global functioning (unadjusted; standardized mean difference [95% CI] = −0.35 [−0.60, −0.10], p = .005), more suicidal thoughts and behaviors (unadjusted; standardized mean difference [95% CI] = 0.52 [0.03, 1.01], p = .045), and longer sleep-onset latency (unadjusted; mean difference [95% CI] = 6.96 [1.48, 12.44] minutes, p = .013) at baseline predicted a poor course trajectory of depression. The certainty of the evidence was overall very low to moderate. Promising prognostic factors that could not be meta-analyzed included relational/interpersonal factors (friend relationships and family relationships/structure). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate the prognostic value of demographic and clinical factors for poor course trajectories of depression in young people. More research is needed to confirm the potential value of relational/interpersonal factors in predicting poor depression course. Limitations of the literature include the high risk of bias of included studies, which indicates that future studies should include large sample sizes and wider diversity of prognostic markers (eg, genetic and neurobiological) in multivariable models. The critical next step is to combine the identified prognostic factors and to evaluate their clinical value in identifying individuals at risk for a poor course trajectory of depression during youth, a life stage in which most of the disability and burden attributable to depression can be averted. Study preregistration information: Prognostic factors for relapsing, recurrent or chronic depression in youth: a systematic review with meta-analysis; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42023458646.</p
Prevalence and Determinants of Household Food Insecurity in the Coastal Regions, Bangladesh
No full textThis study investigates the prevalence and key risk factors of household food insecurity in the climate-vulnerable coastal regions of Bangladesh. Primary data were collected through a cross-sectional survey in three coastal districts, providing comprehensive insights into sociodemographic and economic determinants of food insecurity in this underexplored region. The study included mothers of the children aged 6–59 months from 471 households and selected using a three-stage cluster sampling procedure. Household food insecurity was measured using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), and multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify the risk factors of food insecurity. The prevalence of household food insecurity was 28.7%, and a lower chance of experiencing food insecurity was found in households with younger heads (≤ 40 years) [AOR: 0.42; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.20–0.90] compared to the older group. A lower risk of food insecurity prevalence was observed in households having educated mothers (AOR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.08–0.58) compared to the noneducated group, higher monthly income (AOR: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.04–0.21) compared to lower income, and households located in the central (AOR: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.10–0.44) and western parts (AOR: 0.15; 95% CI: 0.06–0.34) compared to the eastern coastal region of the country. Household heads engaged in fishing and having mothers with chronic health issues were identified as significant predictors of food insecurity. Our study identified several sociodemographic and economic factors as significant predictors of food insecurity and suggested that effective interventions, including the enhancement of educational opportunities, promotion of income-generating activities, and support for the fisher community and those with chronic health conditions, are necessary to reduce household food insecurity in this region.</p
Did eyes lie? Examining a hygiene message’s dominance in post-pandemic tourism advertising with an eye-tracking monitoring approach
No full textGiven that hygiene remains a prominent concern for tourists, this study aims to examine the impact of hygiene-related messages on individual tourists’ attitudes toward tourism advertising. To achieve this objective, Study 1 and Study 2 employed video and print advertisements alongside an eye tracking system to examine the influence of timing and appearance location of hygiene messages. Subsequently, a survey targeting Australian tourists (Study 3) was conducted to explore how process-focused versus outcome-focused thoughts impact attitude toward advertising, with age and risk aversion tested as moderators. Findings from the eye tracking studies show that hygiene messages appearing at the end as compared to the beginning of the video advertising as well as those positioned in the top rather than lower regions of print advertisements, are more effective in capturing attention. Survey results further revealed that process-focused thoughts are more influential in developing attitude than outcome-focused thoughts. A list of implications is discussed at the end
Flexible, adaptable, and supportive systems:qualitative description of factors underpinning an ideal mealtime delivery in rehabilitation care settings
No full textPurpose: Whilst evidence about mealtime delivery exists in acute and aged care settings, there is limited understanding of patient and staff preferences for rehabilitation settings. This study aimed to explore patient and staff perceptions about how mealtimes should be delivered to support rehabilitation goals of care. Method: This qualitative descriptive study involved semi-structured interviews with nine patients (previous or current admission) and ten staff from a single metropolitan rehabilitation service. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Two key categories were identified, including (1) the role of mealtimes in patients’ rehabilitation, and (2) factors underpinning ideal mealtime delivery for rehabilitation. Mealtimes help to facilitate recovery, support socialisation, rest, and routine, but were also a time of frustration and challenge for patients. The ideal mealtime was described as creating a therapeutic experience, integrating systems and processes that support rehabilitation, systems that offer flexibility and choice, enhancing mealtime care through interdisciplinary collaboration, and using supportive mealtime care practices. Conclusion: The ideal mealtime in rehabilitation should be underpinned by principles of flexibility, adaptability, and supportive care. Incorporating rehabilitation goals of care can be enabled through mealtime systems that encourage functional therapy activity, optimal nutrition, and time for rest and social engagement.</p
What is the Effect of Breast Size on Running Economy and Upper Body Biomechanical Factors Contributing to Running Economy?
No full textIntroduction/Purpose This study investigated the effect of breast size on running economy, breast displacement, total body centre of mass excursion, trunk angular velocity and exercise induced breast pain at different running velocities. Methods Fifteen female recreational runners with a small breast size (volume range: 90 - 338 ml per breast) and fifteen female recreational runners with a medium-large breast size (volume range: 351 - 1029 ml per breast) were matched for age and body mass index. Kinematic and oxygen consumption (VO2) data were collected while participants completed an 8-minute treadmill protocol at two incremental velocities (8 km h-1 and 10 km h-1). Results Running economy was not affected by breast volume. Multiplanar breast displacement was significantly greater for larger breast volumes, despite participants wearing a high-support sports-bra. A higher breast volume was also associated with less vertical centre of mass excursion at velocity of 10 km h-1 and higher trunk lateral flexion angular velocity at foot flat. Conclusions Women with large breast volumes experience significantly more breast motion compared to their smaller breasted counterparts during running, despite the presence of a high-support sports bra. Although increased breast motion as a result of breast size did not translate to differences in running economy, it did alter upper body biomechanical factors known to influence running economy - total body centre of mass vertical excursion and peak angular velocity of the trunk in the frontal plane. Future research should explore what effect excessive trunk motion has on the mechanics of the lower limb during running among women across the breast size spectrum, as well as how this may influence neuromuscular control and coordination between the upper and lower limb during running.</p
A Comparison of Inswing and Outswing Bowling Arm Kinematics of Pathway and Elite Male Fast Bowlers
No full textCricket fast bowlers can increase the difficulty for batters to accurately intercept their deliveries by swinging the ball. To generate swing, bowlers must use a technique that creates an angled and upright ball seam when it is released from the hand and projected towards the batter. The ability to create both inswing and outswing can provide bowlers with an advantage over opposition batters and requires a high level of skill, but little is known about the bowling actions to achieve this. This exploratory investigation aimed to compare the ball grip angle, bowling arm joint angles during the delivery stride and bowling arm segment orientations at the point of ball release of conventional new ball inswing and outswing deliveries. A three-dimensional motion analysis system captured a group of 10 pathway and elite Australian fast bowlers delivering inswing and outswing. Statistical differences were observed in ball grip (p = 0.041), elbow pronation–supination (p = 0.050), shoulder adduction–abduction (p = 0.002), forearm lateral (p = 0.009) and hand lateral (p = 0.002) angles. These differences in bowling mechanics may assist bowlers in achieving the desired ball release positions and seam angles required to swing the ball in both directions. The findings of this study provide initial insight into the biomechanics of swing bowling, allowing for hypotheses that are generated from the data to be tested in future research and offering athletes and coaches strategies that can be employed to enhance performance.</p
Identifying contributory risk factors for neck pain in fast jet aircrew: a prospective cohort study
No full textPurposeFast jet aircrew (FJA – aka fighter pilots, fighter aircrew) commonly suffer musculoskeletal complaints, particularly of the neck, which degrades operational capability and workforce health. Establishing injury aetiology is a prerequisite for developing effective preventative interventions. Our objective was to examine the aetiology of neck-related musculoskeletal complaint episodes (NRMCEs) among FJA across a range measures including physical capacity, psycho-social recovery-stress states, workload measures, and strength and conditioning (S&C) participation.Methods279 Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) FJA were followed over four 5-month reporting periods. Forty-four baseline measures and 26 weekly measures were analysed for their effect on weekly risk of NRMCEs. Mixed-effects logistic regression was used, potential confounders were adjusted for, and non-linear relationships were examined.Results320 new NRMCEs were included with mean weekly prevalence of 4.1% (SD 2.3) and mean 5-month reporting period prevalence of 22.4% (range 15.3–28.5%). Previous neck pain, higher worry scores, larger acute flying workloads, more weekly flights, and larger acute and chronic S&C workloads, were factors identified to increase weekly risk of NRMCE. Significant non-linear effects were identified for chronic flying workloads, acute and chronic sleep quality scores, and absolute isometric strength of neck rotation and trunk flexion. Demographics, flying history, anthropometry measures, neck and trunk range of motion, and S&C participation, however, did not affect weekly risk of new NRMCE.ConclusionThese findings provide crucial support for the design of targeted prevention programs for FJA, ensuring they are both effective and efficient, which will in turn optimise operational capability
Multi-omics analysis of potential metabolic networks linking peripheral metabolic changes to inflammatory retinal conditions in STZ-induced early diabetic retinopathy
Get PDFBackground: Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of blindness among working-age adults, lacks targeted therapies besides glucose management. Early retinal lesions are linked to serum metabolites, but the underlying peripheral regulatory networks is unclear. Methods: We first established a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mouse model of early DR exhibiting retinal inflammation characteristics. This study employed an integrative approach, combining retinal and serum transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles with genome-wide association study (GWAS) data, to identify peripheral metabolites potentially linking early retinal lesions. Results: STZ-induced mice exhibited retinal inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. Metabolites including glucose, sorbitol, and mannitol were altered in both serum and retina, implicating their potential involvement in retinal inflammation. Utilizing GWAS data of diabetic patients, we further explore the potential the upstream regulation of shared metabolites and their peripheral pathways potentially instigating early retinal inflammation through metabolite-related genes correlated with single nucleotide polymorphisms. Key enzyme genes including HK1, HKDC1, AKR1B1 in hyperglycemic pathway, CEL and HMGCR in cholesterol pathway, and ACSL1, PPT2 in palmitic acid pathway, may connect the metabolic network of hyperglycemia, hyperfructosemia and disrupted lipid metabolism to retinopathy. Conclusion: This study elucidates the upstream regulatory network of peripheral serum metabolites associated with early retinal lesions. Specifically, the SNPs in key peripheral enzyme genes may exert remote effects on retinal inflammation in DR. This finding provides insights into the systemic metabolic management and offering peripheral precise early detection and treatment.</p
INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE YOUNG REPORTERS PROGRAMME REVIEW
No full textThis review investigates the 15 years of the International Olympic Committee’s Young Reporters Programme, which has trained 111 individual participants in sporting journalism using the Youth Olympics as their training ground. Using surveys from 55% of the total participants and interviews from 28%, the review concludes that the programme has been running a highly effective and supportive journalism training programme. While the programme trains sports journalists for various roles in diverse organisations, 63% of those interviewed went on to work at the Olympic Games, and 33% interviewed worked for the International Olympic Committee in some capacity. The programme has and continues to create a talent pool that the Olympic Information Service and Olympic Broadcasting Service can and has drawn from areas in which the programme could be improved, include developing a stronger and better-connected alumni community, broadening its diversity in selection to cover more developing nations, introducing a wildcard pathway for entry, incorporating more education on ethical reporting, and enhancing social media production skills. All nine recommendations aim to enhance the Young Reporters Programme and foster greater collaboration between participants and the International Olympic Committee.Ultimately, this programme is a multi-level advantage for the International Olympic Committee; it trains future Olympic staff while also preparing the next generation of Olympic journalists from around the world. It also creates a talented alumni community who have a passion for replicating the outstanding and often “life-changing” opportunity they were given