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Genocide in international law: the crime of crimes
No full textGenocide is sometimes called the 'crime of crimes'. The word was coined by Raphael Lemkin in 1944, then declared an international crime by the United Nations General Assembly. In 1948, the Genocide Convention was adopted. As the first human rights treaty of modern times, it constituted a significant intrusion into what had previously been a matter exclusively of domestic concern. This explains the narrow definition of the crime of genocide. It requires proof of an intent to destroy a national, ethnic, racial or religious group. Only a half century after its adoption did the Genocide Convention take on real significance with inter-State cases being filed at the International Court of Justice and many prosecutions at the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The Convention requires that States Parties punish genocide but they are also required to prevent it, even when it takes place outside their own territory. More than 150 States have ratified the Genocide Convention. Genocide is also prohibited under customary international law. It is generally agreed that the duty to punish genocide is a peremptory norm of international law (jus cogens)
Betriebswirtschaftliche Ansätze zur Reduktion negativer Auswirkungen von Anreizsystemen auf Consensus-Mechanismen im Interbankenmarkt unter Berücksichtigung der Bereiche Markt, Effizienz, Regulatorik und Strategie
No full textThis thesis investigates the market data sourcing of investment banks for non-observable parameters using a Consensus Service mechanism. The results of this mechanism are widely used to calibrate financial pricing models in investment banking companies, influencing the pricing of various financial products for customers as well. The focus of the thesis is to analyse the Consensus Service mechanism from a business point of view, with special emphasis on the market, efficiency, regulation and strategy. It considers that the participants may have incentives that could reduce the efficiency of the Consensus Service mechanism.
A comparison to the LIBOR mechanism reveals some overlapping aspects and some differences. The thesis outlines new aspect to the agency problem, as discussed in the context of the LIBOR scandal, of the LIBOR scandal, using a business view on the participating banks. It also highlights the incentives of various stakeholders, such as regulators and internal departments, in a strategic management context. This allows for a reassessment of the influence of the bank’s organizational structure on the quality of the Consensus Service mechanism. The thesis also compares different adjustments to the process, potential changes of the mechanism, contract design, or the implementation of a centralized approach by a supranational organization. It considers price-relevant regulatory requirements based on international accounting rules or from Pruden Valuation. Additionally, it shows areas where Consensus results may be used to reduce regulatory cost or improve the quality of data in the accounting function.
Theoretical results are supported by a time series analyses. Consequently, the thesis transforms theoretical questions into a best practice project approach, incorporating the business perspective from various departments of the participating banks and viewing the Consensus Service as an embedded instrument of market data sourcing. Furthermore, the thesis identifies additional fields of interest where a Consensus Service may help to improve the quality of information for other markets enhance the understanding of their risks
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of efflux-resistant imatinib derivatives
Get PDFResistance to imatinib, a first-line BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor for chronic myeloid leukemia, is frequently mediated by drug efflux through P-glycoprotein (P-gp) overexpression. We report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of eight novel imatinib derivatives modified at the piperazine terminus with efflux resistance breaker (ERB) fragments to reduce P-gp-mediated efflux. In silico docking against cryo-EM P-gp structures predicted increased hydrophobic interactions and enhanced occupancy at the access tunnel, indicative of efflux inhibition. Compound 8 showed potency comparable to imatinib in BCR-ABL1+ K562 cells and a lower LC50 fold change in resistant K562/DOX cells, suggesting reduced efflux susceptibility. Accumulation assays confirmed the improved intracellular retention of compound 8. Compound 9 displayed increased potency in resistant cells, correlating with higher intracellular levels despite modest kinase inhibition. Verapamil assays confirmed reduced efflux liability for compounds 8 and 13. Compound 8 also showed a positive therapeutic index. These findings support rational design to mitigate efflux-mediated resistance
Lethal force
No full textOver time the corpus of rights and obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights has developed into and is perhaps best understood as a system of autonomous concepts, with the European Court of Human Rights acting as its master of conceptualisation. The Companion to the European Convention on Human Rights seeks to identify and explain what these concepts are, how they have evolved, and how they have been applied by the Court. The Companion presents the first compilation and analysis of nearly 300 ECHR notions on Convention rights, principles, procedures and institutions
On the symbolic force of international law: the case of Gaza
Get PDFThis forum includes reflections from perspectives spanning international human rights law, international law and international political sociology to analyse the symbolic and ‘paradoxical’ power and limitations of international law. To what extent can it compel various voices – such state actors, judges or activists – to speak in a certain way? What is its capacity to settle disputes and to enact equality, justice and peace, to be a safety net for victims, and to lay the conditions for peace in international relations, as expressed by its proponents? And finally, can we describe the symbolic force of international law as “compelling”, “constraining”, or “coercive”? As the debate on this last question between William Schabas and Alain Pellet, appended to this forum, shows, semantic issues pertaining to translations between languages are closely linked to symbolic power relations
Fidelity of the key elements in metaverse and consumer response
No full textThis study examines how varying degrees of fidelity in key metaverse elements―avatars, environmental space, and branded products―affect consumer responses within metaverse-based consumption contexts. A survey was distributed to metaverse users from general participants in South Korea. We conducted three experimental studies to test the role of avatar, environmental space and branded products. By distinguishing between the categories of metaverse implementation, we found that real world based-features lead to a more positive consumer response in each setting. This study categorizes the metaverse spaces consumers currently engage with into two primary types: reality-based and virtual-based environments. By distinguishing between these two environments, this study seeks to understand which aspects of metaverse features lead to a more positive consumer response in each setting
Editorial Special Issue on “recognizing justice in flood risk management” in Journal of Flood Risk Management
No full textA case study in the use of avatar-based therapy utilising the externalisation of problems with an adult on the autistic spectrum
Get PDFThe aim was to investigate the use of a novel therapeutic intervention utilising narrative therapy combined with the use of avatars within a virtual world. The basis of this approach was the idea that this environment could help facilitate the externalisation phase of narrative therapy, to help produce more positive narratives about the client’s lived experience. It is qualitative research using a theory building case study methodology with a single participant who is an adult with a diagnosis of autism who presented with a history of emotional dysregulation. The research design involves undertaking the therapy remotely via video over 8 sessions of approximately 60 minutes. The therapist-researcher and client each observed the virtual scene provided by the ProReal Ltd virtual reality system. The client could create, modify and interact with avatars whilst they conversed.
The data gathered consists of a verbal transcript of the therapy sessions and a video recording of the virtual world. Reflective thematic analysis was used to create a number of themes and sub-themes from the data. The outcomes developed were three primary themes, Ableism & distress, Externalising lived experience and Overcoming difficulties. The first being associated with the sub-themes, Emotional overwhelm and its responses and Shame and the causes of distress. The third theme was associated with sub-themes Acceptance through relationship, Self-acceptance and Awareness of influences on distress and learning from the therapy. These themes could be related through the central idea of Living in a neuro-normative world. In the conclusions, the issues raised are critically reviewed and the possible applications and limitations are then discussed
Violation (breach), Continuing
No full textOver time the corpus of rights and obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights has developed into and is perhaps best understood as a system of autonomous concepts, with the European Court of Human Rights acting as its master of conceptualisation. The Companion to the European Convention on Human Rights seeks to identify and explain what these concepts are, how they have evolved, and how they have been applied by the Court. The Companion presents the first compilation and analysis of nearly 300 ECHR notions on Convention rights, principles, procedures and institutions
Understanding the world matters
No full textThe Early Years Foundation Stage (DfE 2024:11) requires educators to support children to ‘understand the world…to make sense of their physical world and
their community.’ To Understand the World, we need to be open to the lived realities that immerse both children and adults, even those that might be sensitive and difficult to untangle. To support transitions, we all need to spend time, being open to those tricky conversations that enable children to make contextual sense of the world.
Understanding the World encompasses more than developing children’s ecological awareness. Rather, the physical
world encompasses the Three Pillars of Sustainability: Economic, Environmental and Socio-cultural, introduced in the Brundtland Report as a ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ (WCED 1987:47)