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Risk factors for Buruli ulcer: a case control study in Cameroon
No full textBACKGROUND: Buruli ulcer is an infectious disease involving the skin, caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. This disease is associated with areas where the water is slow-flowing or stagnant. However, the exact mechanism of transmission of the bacillus and the development of the disease through human activities is unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A case-control study to identify Buruli ulcer risk factors in Cameroon compared case-patients with community-matched controls on one hand and family-matched controls on the other hand. Risk factors identified by the community-matched study (including 163 pairs) were: having a low level of education, swamp wading, wearing short, lower-body clothing while farming, living near a cocoa plantation or woods, using adhesive bandages when hurt, and using mosquito coils. Protective factors were: using bed nets, washing clothes, and using leaves as traditional treatment or rubbing alcohol when hurt. The family-matched study (including 118 pairs) corroborated the significance of education level, use of bed nets, and treatment with leaves. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Covering limbs during farming activities is confirmed as a protective factor guarding against Buruli ulcer disease, but newly identified factors including wound treatment and use of bed nets may provide new insight into the unknown mode of transmission of M. ulcerans or the development of the disease
Social health insurance in French-speaking sub-Saharan Africa: situation and current reform
No full textHIV viral load monitoring in resource-limited regions: optional or necessary?
No full textAlthough it is a standard practice in high-income countries, determination of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) load is not recommended in developing countries because of the costs and technical constraints. As more and more countries establish capacity to provide second-line therapy, and as costs and technological constraints associated with viral load testing decrease, the question of whether determination of the viral load is necessary deserves attention. Viral load testing could increase in importance as a guide for clinical decisions on when to switch to second-line treatment and on how to optimize the duration of the first-line treatment regimen. In addition, the viral load is a particularly useful tool for monitoring adherence to treatment, performing sentinel surveillance, and diagnosing HIV infection in children aged <18 months. Rather than considering viral load data to be an unaffordable luxury, efforts should be made to ensure that viral load testing becomes affordable, simple, and easy to use in resource-limited settings
Output-based payment to boost staff productivity in public health centres: contracting in Kabutare district, Rwanda
No full textOBJECTIVE: In many low-income countries, public health systems do not meet the needs and demands of the population. We aimed to assess the extent to which output-based payment could boost staff productivity at health care facilities. METHODS: We assessed the performance of 15 health care centres in Kabutare, Rwanda, comparing productivity in 2001, when fixed annual bonuses were paid to staff, with that in 2003, when an output-based payment incentive scheme was implemented. FINDINGS: Changes to the structure of contracts were associated with improvements in health centre performance: specifically, output-based performance contracts induced sharp increases in the productivity of health staff. CONCLUSION: Institutional configurations of health care organizations deserve more attention. Those currently in place in the public sector may not the most suitable to meet current challenges in health care. More experiments are needed to confirm these early results from Rwanda and elsewhere, since risks associated with output-based incentive schemes should not be ignored
Improving access to hospital care for the poor: comparative analysis of four health equity funds in Cambodia
No full textThis is a pre-copy-editing, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Health Policy and Planning following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version Noirhomme M, Meessen B, Griffiths F, Ir P, Jacobs B, Thor R, Criel B, Van Damme W. Health Policy Plan. 2007 Jul;22(4):246-62 is available online at: http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/4/246.There is a large body of evidence that user fees in the health sector create exclusion. Health equity funds attempt to improve access to health care services for the poorest by paying the provider on their behalf. This paper reviews four hospital-based health equity funds in Cambodia and draws lessons for future operations. It investigates the practical questions of 'who should do what and how'. It presents, in a comparative framework, similarities and differences in objectives, the actors involved, design aspects and functional modalities between the health equity funds. The results of this review are presented along the lines of identification, hospitalization rates and relative costs. The four schemes had a positive impact on the volume of utilization of hospital services by the poorest patients. They now account for 7 to 52% of total hospital use. The utilization of hospitals by paying patients has remained constant in the same period. The comparative review shows that a range of operational arrangements may be adopted to achieve the health equity fund objectives. Our study identifies essential design aspects, and leaves different options open for others
Medicines without doctors; why the Global Fund must fund salaries of health workers to expand AIDS treatment
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Assessment of population structure and major circulating phylogeographical clades of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in Bangladesh suggests a high prevalence of a specific subclade of ancient M. tuberculosis genotypes
No full textSpoligotyping was performed to study the population structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains (n = 224) from Bangladesh. Strains were split into principal genetic group 1 (PGG 1 [75.0%]) and PGG 2 and 3 (25%). Forty-nine strains with a new spoligotype signature and considered as south or southeast Asian-linked emerging clones were designated as "Matlab type.