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Variable Trust Control Setting for Autonomous Vehicle Highway Navigation and Improved User Experience
Get PDFThis paper addresses the development of a model-based design approach to enhance the acceptance of safe manoeuvrability of autonomous vehicles (AVs) on highways. A variable trust control setting (TCS) is introduced that empowers users to 'feel in control' of the AV, potentially increasing confidence in, and acceptance of, the technology. This setting is grounded in deontological ethics and utilises virtual boundaries (VBs) to guide driving decisions, i.e., the distance between two AVs interacting with one another. The approach is simulated using a dynamic bicycle model that represents each AV, controlled through an adaptive model-predictive control (MPC) algorithm. The paper outlines the MPC approach, the dynamic bicycle model, and the associated velocity control algorithm. Metrics are introduced to quantify safety of specific AV manoeuvres during interactions with other AVs, enabling the examination of various scenarios. A novel simulation package has been developed to investigate the impact of the proposed variable TCS, focusing on how VBs and steering limitations influence the safety and comfort of AVs during overtaking manoeuvres. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, showing that it could potentially allow users to actively manage the safety and comfort aspects of AV operation
Statistically correlated disordered freeform random metasurfaces: generation and electromagnetic numerical simulation
Get PDFWe present a method for generating and performing full-wave simulations of statistically correlated disordered freeform random metasurfaces (SC-DFRM). The SC-DFRM represents a specific type of disordered metasurface in which randomness is not entirely independent but follows certain statistical correlation rules. In generating these metasurfaces, we investigate both Gaussian and exponential power spectral densities. The domain decomposition spectral method is successfully used to analyze the impact of correlation lengths on the contributions of both coherent and incoherent fields to the total averaged scattered intensity
A local branching-based solution for the multi-period cutting stock problem with tardiness, earliness, and setup costs
No full textThis paper addresses the Multi-Period Cutting Stock Problem with Due Dates and Setups (MPCSPDDS), an extension of the classical one-dimensional Cutting Stock Problem (CSP). The MPCSPDDS considers the due dates specified in cutting orders’ requests and setups required for transitioning between different cutting patterns. The challenge lies in minimizing tardiness and earliness during production, considering these as detrimental factors. Additionally, the proposed model assumes that a setup is necessary for the cutting machine when switching patterns. The contribution of this paper includes the proposition of an integer mathematical programming model and a matheuristic solution approach for two variants of the MPCSPDDS, employing column generation, a round-up heuristic, and the local branching matheuristic. Computational experiments show that our proposed solution method consistently yields, on average, high-quality feasible solutions compared to employing column generation and solving the problem with the generated columns using the CPLEX solver while maintaining a low computational cost
Numerical Investigation of the Interaction of Tubular Hollow-Core Fibers and Flexural Acoustic Waves
No full textThe modulation efficiency of a tubular-lattice hollowcore fiber (HCF) employing flexural acoustic waves is investigated in detail for the first time. The main acousto-optic properties of the HCF are evaluated, using 2D and 3D models based on the finite element method. The induced coupling of the fundamental and first higher-order modes is simulated from 743 to 1355 nm. The most relevant acoustic (amplitude, period, strain, energy) and optical (effective index, beat length, birefringence, coupling coefficient) parameters are analyzed. The simulations are compared to experimental results and indicate higher modulation performance in HCFs compared to standard optical fibers. In addition, useful insights into the design and fabrication of all-fiber acousto-optic devices based on HCFs are provided, enabling potential application in tunable spectral filters and mode-locked fiber lasers
Evaluating digital transformation readiness in prefabricated construction supply chains: A multi-level model and fairness-aware optimization approach
No full textPrefabricated construction is revolutionizing the industry by promoting efficiency and sustainability through off-site manufacturing and on-site assembly. Despite its potential, the digital transformation of prefabricated construction supply chains (PCSCs) has not kept pace with Industry 4.0 advancements, resulting in fragmented information and operational inefficiencies. Even more, limited attention has been paid to establishing both a well-structured readiness model for PCSC digital transformation and an actionable assessment framework. This study addresses this gap by developing a comprehensive, multi-level readiness model tailored specifically for PCSCs, encompassing dimensions of technology, strategy, partnership, and personnel. To accurately evaluate digital transformation readiness, we propose a fairness-aware bi-objective optimization model that aggregates probabilistic expert opinions while considering individual behavioral factors related to fairness concerns. The model was applied in a case study of a PCSC project, demonstrating its feasibility and effectiveness. Results validated the model’s capability to provide a robust readiness assessment, identifying critical areas for improvement and offering actionable insights for stakeholders. This research fills a critical gap in the literature by providing practical guidance for PCSCs embarking on their digital transformation journey. The proposed framework serves as a valuable tool for organizations seeking to transition to digital supply chains by addressing both technical and managerial aspects of digital transformation
Self-efficacy and nontask performance at work. A meta-analytic summary
Get PDFSelf-efficacy plays a critical role in guiding and maintaining behaviours across various life domains, including organisational settings where it enhances task-specific performance. This paper extends the role of self-efficacy to nontask or contextual performance, focusing on citizenship and counterproductive performance. Through a systematic review and meta-analysis, we examine its role as both an antecedent and a moderator. Among 11,877 records, 176 papers (194 independent studies) were included in the systematic review, and 158 papers (172 independent studies) in the meta-analysis. Findings support our hypotheses. In relation to citizenship performance (N = 49,464) results showed that self-efficacious individuals are more likely to engage in extra-role activities, fostering personal, collective, and organisational development (ρ = .45). They exhibit proactive behaviours such as voicing concerns, providing exceptional customer service, and helping behaviours. Additionally, self-efficacy serves as a protective factor against counterproductive and antisocial performance detrimental to organisations and stakeholders (N = 12,498, ρ = .24). While studies on the moderation of self-efficacy are limited, our systematic review confirms its role in buffering the impact of adverse working conditions on counterproductive performance
Building evidence-based interventions to improve staff wellbeing in Paediatric Critical Care using the Behaviour Change Wheel
Get PDFBackground: Research has demonstrated that staff working in Paediatric Critical Care (PCC) experience high levels of burnout, post-traumatic stress and moral distress. There is very little evidence of how this problem could be addressed. Aim: To develop evidence-based, psychologically informed interventions designed to improve PCC staff well-being that can be feasibility tested on a large scale. Study Design: The Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) framework guided systematic development of the interventions. This process was informed by a review of existing well-being initiatives and a survey of PCC staff's awareness and uptake of initiatives identified. Results: Together with empirical evidence, the BCW process produced two bespoke ‘SWell’ (Staff Wellbeing) interventions tailored for delivery in UK PCC units. The two group-based interventions, Mad-Sad-Glad and Wellbeing Images involve the Behaviour Change Techniques (BCTs) of self-belief, social support, feedback and monitoring. These BCTs align closely with the psychological concepts of self-efficacy, self-regulation and the psychological theory of how to thrive. Conclusions: Tailored, evidence-based, psychologically informed SWell (Staff Wellbeing) interventions are likely to be feasible and have the potential of making significant differences to individual staff members and the PCC workforce as a whole. Associated investments in the psychological health of the workforce and time to prioritize well-being interventions are required for change to occur and be maintained. Relevance to Clinical Practice: The SWell (Staff Wellbeing) interventions could impact directly on the well-being of PCC staff and their ability to thrive in the workplace. Indirectly, they could reduce staff attrition, sickness absence and improve patients' and families' experiences of care
Persuasiveness of Public Health Communication During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Message Framing, Threat Appraisal, and Source Credibility Effects
Get PDFThis study examines the relative effectiveness of the UK government’s public health messages used during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. We focus on the use of a loss versus gain frame. We look at the effect of framing on behavioural inclination to follow COVID-19 guidance, as well as affective mechanisms and individual characteristic moderators that might explain said willingness. We ran two studies with a voluntary sample of the UK adult population (total n = 300). Across both studies, we only find a significant impact of message framing on the level of negative affect triggered, with the loss frame triggering a higher negative affect. Instead, attitude to public health communication had a direct and indirect effect on behavioural inclination. Our results suggest that threat minimisation and satisfaction with authorities handling a health crisis might be key to consider when developing effective public health communications
Examining the Barriers to the Adoption of IoT-Based Technologies in Green Buildings
Get PDFAlthough the adoption of Internet of Things (IoTs) for green buildings (GBs) has attracted significant attention from researchers and practitioners in the construction sector, few studies have investigated the barriers to its implementation. To bridge this gap, this study aimed to identify and analyze the barriers to the adoption of IoTs in GBs through the lens of seasoned experts in the Hong Kong construction sector. A hybrid of systematic reviews, expert interviews, and social network analysis was used. The results revealed that 26 barriers impede the adoption of IoTs within GBs, and these barriers can be categorized into seven clusters. The most significant barriers include "political/regulatory"and "security"categories; and "cybersecurity and data risks,""concerns over the protection of intellectual property,""fewer GB codes/regulations available,""documentation requirements,"and "uncertain government policies and absence of government support."These findings pave the way for relevant decision makers to adopt further productive measures to promote the adoption of IoT-based technologies in GBs, thereby expediting the application of the sustainability paradigm in the construction sector
IMI-Instrumentation for Myopia Management
Get PDFThe rising prevalence of myopia has underscored the importance of early diagnosis and effective management strategies to control its progression and to prevent complications. Advancements in instrumentation enable clinicians to provide individualized evidence-based care for patients. Instrumentation for myopia control encompasses a wide range of technologies designed to assess refractive error, biometric parameters, including axial length, accommodative responses, as well as detailed assessment of ocular health. These tools offer clinicians the ability to move beyond traditional clinical techniques, providing more accurate, detailed, and repeatable measurements critical for the detection and monitoring of myopia progression. This allows for a personalized approach to treatment planning, enabling the selection and optimization of myopia control interventions. Furthermore, advanced imaging and real-time data visualization support patient education by fostering understanding, which may improve adherence to treatment plans. By adopting these technologies, clinicians can address the complexities of myopia management, deliver precise and effective care, and contribute to global efforts to curb the myopia epidemic. The integration of advanced instrumentation into clinical practice encourages early intervention and management strategies for patients at risk of becoming myopic (pre-myopia), as well as improving patient outcomes for myopic patients
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