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Schneider’s Tower: An extraordinary archaeological collaboration between the Soviet Narkompros and the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, Nokalakevi, Georgia 1930-31
No full textExcavation at Nokalakevi in west Georgia has been undertaken as an Anglo-Georgian collaboration since 2001, building on the success of the S. Janashia Museum expedition which started in 1973. In the winter of 1930–31 the very first formal excavation of the site was also a collaborative venture, bringing together specialists from the German Reich, known as the Weimar Republic, and the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. As the Anglo-Georgian Expedition to Nokalakevi marks the 50 th anniversary of the commencement of large-scale excavations, the recent discovery of archive material relating to the excavation led by Dr Alfons Maria Schneider provides a timely opportunity to reflect on the first collaboration at Nokalakevi. </p
The purpose of primary physical education: The views of teacher educators
No full textThis paper reports on the first phase of a longitudinal project investigating the perceived purposes that different stakeholders have for primary physical education (PE). In the study, the views of 19 teacher educators from seven countries across Europe were sought. While teacher educators may have some influence across the layers of an education system, little is known about this stakeholder group and their views about primary PE. Analysis of focus group conversations depicts that, while the teacher educators come from a wide range of contexts, their views on the purposes of primary PE were more similar than different. With primary PE in danger of disconnecting into different schools of thought, this finding is important because it suggests that more coherent and connected approaches have the potential to be developed. In line with most government policies from the seven countries, similarities focused on both an educational and outward-looking view of primary PE. Significantly, while the teacher educators recognised the key role of physical learning in primary PE, they also highlighted how children's social, emotional, and cognitive learning form part of an integrated view of primary PE. Teacher educators recognised the importance of primary PE expanding beyond the hall/gymnasium and into classroom, school, and community settings. However, some concerns were voiced about the influence of outsourcing and sport agendas that currently dominate. The views of these teacher educators offer a useful starting point for further investigation, particularly as they present the purposes of primary PE from both an integrated and educational perspective
Myths, Memory, Megaliths, and Modernity: The 1970s Folkloristic-Archaeological Place-Writing of Colin and Janet Bord. A Retrospective
No full textThe books of Janet and Colin Bord are widely known within folklore studies. They detail the typologies of lore and narratives associated mainly with prehistoric megalithic and earthwork sites in the British landscape. They are essentially accessible folklore guidebooks for archaeological sites, with evocative photographs and clear written analysis that capture their sense of place. This article considers four of their guides written in the 1970s to early 1980s, at the zenith of the Earth Mysteries movement, yet also at a time when the British archaeological establishment was still focused on functional analysis. We argue that the Bords’ work foreshadows 1980s developments in approaching archaeological landscapes from a more interpretive, embodied, and numinous perspective. It is an important link because it has implications for bringing together the so-called academic and non-academic approaches to the landscapes of prehistoric Britain in what detractors may term a ‘postmodern turn’
Online Deviance in Post-Soviet Space: Victimisation, Perceptions and Social Attitudes Amongst Young People, an Armenian Case Study
Get PDFThis paper presents a survey-based case study of the experiences and perceptions of, and attitudes towards, various forms of online deviance amongst a largely female, educated sample of young people drawn predominantly from the Armenian capital city of Yerevan. It found high levels of reported victimisation and encounters with online deviance, including from multiple forms of online deviance. Online information that is deliberately misleading, biased or fabricated and information that is abusive or threatening, or that expresses a prejudice against a particular group were the two most widely reported categories of victimisation and encounter. The paper also explores the claim that forms of online deviance enjoy some degree of social legitimacy within post-Soviet space. Our case study found that online deviance enjoys very little social legitimacy amongst survey respondents. The case study explores the ways in which the experiences and perceptions of, and attitudes towards, various forms of online deviance vary across different forms of online deviance in a way that no studies have done previously. It also offers a rare empirical engagement with questions of online deviance within the post-Soviet space and the very first addressing online deviance in Armenia. This paper adds to our limited knowledge of the internal geographies of online deviance within post-Soviet space. The findings presented here begin to challenge the perception of post-Soviet countries, or countries in the post-Soviet space, as constituting a universal cyber-threat landscape and suggest that future research should probe the internal geographies of online deviance (and victimisation) across the region. It also highlights gender as a perspective from which future research might scrutinise online deviance. It further suggests nuanced policy stances more reflective of the empirical realities of different forms of online deviance across post-Soviet space
Skin temperature of the knee was effectively reduced when using a new continuous cold-flow cryocompression device: a randomised controlled crossover trial
No full textObjective: To determine which temperature settings on a new continuous cold-flow cryocompression device effectively reduce knee skin temperature to 10–15 °C, where pain and swelling are expected to be attenuated. Design: Randomised controlled crossover trial. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: 32 healthy adult participants recruited (1 dropout) with no contraindications to cryocompressive therapy. Intervention: A k-type thermocouple was used to record skin temperature at baseline and every five minutes during a 30-minute cryocompression treatment in a control condition and when using four different device temperature settings (6 °C, 8 °C, 10 °C, and 12 °C) on a continuous cold-flow cryocompression device. Conditions were labelled Control, Con-6, Con-8, Con-10, and Con-12, respectively. Main outcome measures: Skin temperature change (°C) throughout cryocompression; time taken (mins) to achieve skin temperature < 15 °C; and the difference between final skin temperature and device temperature setting (°C). Results: Median (IQR) skin temperature after cryocompression was 32.1 °C (29.3–33.4), 12.8 °C (12.1–14.6), 14.3 °C (13.8–15.7), 16.1 °C (15.2–17.3), and 17.7 °C (16.9–18.9) for the Control condition and Con-6, Con-8, Con-10 and Con-12, respectively. It took 20 min (Con-6) and 25 min (Con-8) for skin temperature to reach < 15 °C. A median (IQR) difference of 6.8 °C (6.1–8.6), 6.3 °C (5.8–7.7), 6.1 °C (5.2–7.3), and 5.7 °C (4.9–6.9) for Con-6, Con-8, Con-10, and Con-12, respectively was observed between device temperature setting and final skin temperature. Conclusions: The device is recommended as it reduced skin temperature to the therapeutic range of 10–15 °C during a 30-minute treatment when using the 6 °C or 8 °C device temperature settings. Future research should determine optimal treatment lengths for cryocompression. Contribution of the Paper: • The Physiolab S1 cryocompression device allows users to determine precise temperatures of the ice-water that is circulated around the knee during a treatment. • This paper demonstrates the ability of each temperature setting to reduce skin temperature around the knee to within the target therapeutic range of 10–15 °C. • There is a significant discrepancy between the temperature setting of the device and the skin temperature achieved during a treatment. • Clinicians should not assume that all temperature settings on this and similar devices sufficiently reduce skin temperature of the knee to confer a therapeutic benefit.</p
A randomised crossover trial of five cryocompression devices’ ability to reduce skin temperature of the knee
Get PDFBackground The application of cold and pressure to the knee is a common part of post-operative rehabilitation. Skin temperature should be reduced to within 10–15 °C to optimise the therapeutic benefits of cryocompression. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of five different cryocompression devices to reduce skin temperature to within this therapeutic range. Materials and methods 32 healthy adult participants (mean (SD): age 26.3 (7.9) years; BMI 24.8 (2.7) kg/m 2; 20 males) were recruited for this randomised crossover study. Skin temperature was measured 20 mm distal to the patella using a k-type thermocouple every five minutes during a 30-min-ute treatment with one of five different cryocompression devices (Physiolab S1, GameReady, Cryo/Cuff, VPulse, and a Gel Wrap). Changes in skin temperature over time were compared to baseline within and between conditions. A subjective rating of comfort was also recorded for each device. Results The Physiolab S1 and GameReady devices caused significantly lower skin temperatures compared to the VPulse, Gel Wrap, and Cryo/Cuff after 30 minutes (p<0.05). 87–96% reported a positive comfort rating for the Physiolab S1, VPulse, Cryo/Cuff and Gel Wrap, whereas 53% of participants reported a positive comfort rating for the GameReady. Conclusions Only the Physiolab S1 and GameReady devices reduced skin temperature of the knee to within the target range of 10–15 °C. The Physiolab S1 was reportedly more comfortable than the GameReady. Clinicians should be aware of the performance differences of different cryocompression devices to understand which is most likely to provide an effective dose of cold therapy to a joint. </p
Photosynthetic acclimation, leaf turnover and growth in tree seedlings suddenly exposed to gaps in Jamaican montane rainforest
No full textMature leaves of tree seedlings were exposed to high light in four experimental gaps in the Jamaican upper montane rainforest (UMRF). Two of the six species studied were light-demanders: Alchornea latifolia and Clethra occidentalis. Two were gap-favoured: Pittosporum undulatum (an invasive) and Palicourea alpina (a subcanopy shrub). One was intermediate: Hedyosmum arborescens, and one was shade-tolerant: Guarea glabra. After five months, the following significant changes occurred in shade leaves that were exposed to gaps (‘shade-to-gap’ leaves; values as % of those in the pre-gap shade): maximum rate of photosynthesis + 40% (Alchornea), +35% (Clethra), −34% (Pittosporum), +72% (Palicourea); dark respiration +120% (Alchornea), +140% (Clethra), +60% (Pittosporum), +233% (Palicourea), +175% (Hedyosmum), +100% (Guarea); leaf thickness +18% (Alchornea), +18% (Clethra), +14% (Palicourea); leaf mass per unit area +18% (Alchornea), +15% (Pittosporum). Leaves produced in the gaps were (as a percentage of total live leaf number) 74% (Alchornea), 71% (Clethra), 50% (Pittosporum), 71% (Palicourea), 62% (Hedyosmum) and 50% (Guarea). Photosynthetic rates of leaves produced in the gaps were 53–120% higher than ‘shade-to-gap’ leaves. Overall, shade leaves on the three native, more light-demanding species (Alchornea, Clethra and Palicourea) showed photosynthetic acclimation, while the more shade-tolerant species (Hedyosmum and Guarea and Pittosporum undulatum) showed little acclimation in shade-to-gap leaves