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Proximity differences between forwards and defenders during goal scoring in soccer
No full textThe role of a forward player in soccer is to score goals by destabilising defensive systems. The act of goal scoring in open play is fast paced with players requiring perceptual ability to navigate the environment. The purpose of this research study was to explore goal scorers’ ability to perceive and adapt to the environmental threats to goal scoring at different competitive levels. All open play goals scored by forward players in the 2022/23 English Premier League, Championship, League 1, and League 2 divisions were analysed. Four observers recorded the proximity of defenders to the goal scorer at the moment of assist pass and moment of finish. Results showed significant differences existed between the proximity of defenders to the goal scorer between the assist pass and finish. When data was isolated to one touch finish goals within highly offensive zones, a reducing pattern of significant difference was found as league standard decreased. Findings offer an insight into the perceptual ability of forward p
The experience of using role-play and simulated practice as an adjunct to paramedic placement learning
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The Cognitive Foundations of Fictional Stories
Get PDFWe hypothesize that fictional stories are highly successful in human cultures partly because they activate evolved cognitive mechanisms, for instance for finding mates (e.g., in romance fiction), exploring the world (e.g., in adventure and speculative fiction), or avoiding predators (e.g., in horror fiction). In this paper, we put forward a comprehensive framework to study fiction through this evolutionary lens. The primary goal of this framework is to carve fictional stories at their cognitive joints using an evolutionary framework. Reviewing a wide range of adaptive variations in human psychology – in personality and developmental psychology, behavioural ecology, and evolutionary biology, among other disciplines –, this framework also addresses the question of interindividual differences in preferences for different features in fictional stories. It generates a wide range of predictions about the patterns ofcombinations of such features, according to the patterns of variations in the mechanisms triggered by fictional stories. As a result of a highly collaborative effort, we present a comprehensive review of evolved cognitive mechanisms that fictional stories activate. To generate this review, we (1) listed more than 70 adaptive challenges humans faced in thecourse of their evolution, (2) identified the adaptive psychological mechanisms that evolved in response to such challenges, (3) specified four sources of adaptive variability for the sensitivity of each mechanism (i.e., personality traits, sex, age, and ecological conditions), and (4) linked these mechanisms to the story features that trigger them. This comprehensive framework lays the ground for a theory-driven research program for the study of fictional stories, their content, distribution, structure, and cultural evolution
'Beddoes Raising Hell in Germany: a Tale of Student Mobility'
Get PDFThe English poet and dramatist Thomas Lovell Beddoes travelled to Germany in 1825 to study medicine at the University of Göttingen. His involvement with the Germania Burschenschaft movement and other radical causes, as well as his propensity for 'hell-raising', resulted in his expulsion from Göttingen in 1829, and also from Würzburg in Bavaria three years later. This article discusses Beddoes's relationship with university life and political protest, in the context of a nascent myth of rebellious Romantic youth, and explores parallels with debates about the politics in / of universities in the UK in the twenty-first century
Bioarchaeological Investigation of individuals with suspected multibacillary leprosy from the mediaeval leprosarium of St. Mary Magdalen, Winchester, Hampshire, UK
No full textIntroduction. We have examined four burials from the St Mary Magdalen mediaeval leprosarium cemetery in Winchester, Hampshire, UK. One (Sk.8) was a male child, two (Sk.45 and Sk.52) were adolescent females and the fourth (Sk.512) was an adult male. The cemetery was in use between the 10th and 12th centuries. All showed skeletal lesions of leprosy. Additionally, one of the two females (Sk.45) had lesions suggestive of multi-cystic tuberculosis and the second (Sk.52) of leprogenic odontodysplasia (LO), a rare malformation of the roots of the permanent maxillary incisors.Gap statement. Relatively little is known of the manifestations of lepromatous leprosy (LL) in younger individuals from the archaeological record.Aims and Methodology. To address this, we have used ancient DNA testing and osteological examination of the individuals, supplemented with X-ray and microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) scan as necessary to assess the disease status.Results and Conclusions. The presence of Mycobacterium leprae DNA was confirmed in both females, and genotyping showed SNP type 3I-1 strains but with a clear genotypic variation. We could not confirm Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA in the female individual SK.45. High levels of M. leprae DNA were found within the pulp cavities of four maxillary teeth from the male child (Sk.8) with LO, consistent with the theory that the replication of M. leprae in alveolar bone may interfere with root formation at key stages of development. We report our biomolecular findings in these individuals and review the evidence this site has contributed to our knowledge of mediaeval leprosy
“End of Empire” (Channel 4, 1985) and the Public Memory of Decolonisation in Britain
Get PDFThe dissolution of Empire was a defining moment in modern British history, with deep political and cultural ramifications to this day. However, this centrality has not always been matched by an equally prominent role in British public memory. For this reason, it is worth investigating instances specifically dedicated to this process. This chapter analyses an important and indicative cultural product released in the mid-Thatcher years. The documentary series End of Empire, produced by Brian Lapping and Norma Percy for Granada TV and aired on Channel 4 in 1985, represents one of television’s earliest and most comprehensive attempts to come to terms with the end of the British Empire and its legacy in terms of historical responsibility. In its expansive 14 episodes covering some of most contentious decolonisation episodes, including India, Kenya, Rhodesia, and Palestine among others, End of Empire offered an ambitious attempt to ‘swing the pendulum’ of British public memory of Empire at a crucial moment of transition in the formation of ‘imperial memory’ and its relation with shifting notions of British national identity (Howe 2012). Drawing on Ann Laura Stoler’s image of ‘colonial aphasia’ (2011), the article discusses the series and the public debate it engendered. In general terms, the discussion of End of Empire was marked by a ‘conditional’ acceptance of its main argument that decolonisation was marked by widespread tensions in the colonies (Lapping 1985). However, this acceptance was replete with caveats, deflections, and balance sheets across the political spectrum, including from prominent political figures such as former PM James Callaghan. In thus doing, the article offers a case study of an important moment in the still ongoing process of coming to terms with the historical responsibility of Empire in Britain and illustrates some of the long-term reasons for its current contentiousness
Using Science Education for Lawyers to Uphold the Principles of Justice Laid out in Blackstone’s Ratio
No full textThe criminal justice principles laid out by Blackstone’s ratio are at risk of being eroded by legal professionals prioritising rational legal decision-making over the evaluation of substantive scientific concerns where the two collide. This is seen in a body of case law from the United States where issues relating to forensic science limitations are raised. The author posits that this is due to legal professionals’ greater familiarity with legal reasoning rather than scientific knowledge, arguing that law schools should harness their position to provide contextual scientific education for their students. This will support science-led decision-making and reduce the risk of miscarriages of justice, striving to uphold the principles of Blackstone’s ratio
Introduction:‘The Economic Power of European Queens: Sources, Resources and Expenditure'
No full textThis introductory piece for the research cluster ‘The Economic Power of European Queens: Sources, Resources and Expenditure both delineates the content of the cluster and places it in the context of wider research. The article highlights common themes among the four articles in the cluster and common issues with the survival of sources which document the economic activity of royal women. It also highlights the importance of new research which is beginning to illuminate the financial element of queenship and helping us to understand this vital, yet understudied, part of the queen’s office
A dominance analysis on the relationship between schizotypy and loneliness type
No full textBackgroundThis study investigated how individual differences in schizotypy differentially predicted types of loneliness – direct, social, emotional, and existential loneliness (in relationships and meaninglessness in life).MethodsWe presented participants with the brief version of the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences and the de Jong Giervald loneliness scale and used dominance analysis to evaluate the dominant predictors of schizotypy on loneliness. We also evaluated the impact of depression on each model.ResultsIn our preregistered analysis we found evidence to suggest that cognitive disorganization and introvertive anhedonia are consistently the most dominant of the schizotypy predictors. Introvertive anhedonia was the most dominant predictor for social loneliness and existential loneliness in relationships, and cognitive disorganization was the most dominant predictor of direct, emotional and existential meaninglessness in life loneliness. Depression became the most dominant predictor of all types of loneliness when added to the models.LimitationsThis research is limited by the cross-sectional nature of the data which is unable to account for changes in loneliness over time, and we acknowledge that the relationship between predictors and outcome is likely bi-directional.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the diverse relationship between schizotypy and loneliness type and suggest that schizotypy domains linked to social anxiety and withdrawal are key predictors of loneliness. These findings are important for the development of focused interventions and the prevention of clinical disorder development