Journal of Economics Bibliography
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The money value problem convertibility and stable prices revisited
Get PDFAbstract. To serve its essential purpose – certainty of value in exchanges among bargainers – convertible currency drew its value as a proxy from that into which it was convertible. Gold came with its challenges as a value standard, and those of physical conversion. The setting of currency value in the discretion of its issuers, by varying the issuance, has led to new and adverse consequences in the fallibility of the discretion. Modern financial markets could provide rule of law conformance to an optimal value standard without physical conversion.The necessary financial device is already at hand, in the market and in the Fed toolbox. REPO, the sale and re-purchase or purchase and re-sale of a Treasury, at the spread of measured currency value to a target of choice, would duplicate in monetary effect that of specie conversion. Technological advance is steadily obsolescing the “cost-of-living” as target. As consumption mutates with invention, the sensible value standard becomes the American standard of living, in the form of a per capita share of total consumption spending. Effective convertibility to such a standard would resolve multiple policy issues, including any conflict in the “duality” of the Fed mandate and the supposed strictures of the “zero bound”, father to the immense distortions of “quantitative easing”. Financial or “fiat” convertibility, as we may call it, effectuated by inflation-priced Fed REPO, could be adopted as a discretionary tool by the Fed, but there are strong arguments for a rule of law. We may need one to deal with deteriorating national finances, and welcome one that returns the “management of the economy” to the free market.Keywords. Monetary economics, Monetary policies, Convertibility.JEL. F21, F68, O53, K23
The Covid-19 impact on digital & e-commerce
Get PDFAbstract. We live in a time when technologies are taking more and more place in our daily lives. E-commerce is a perfect illustration of this fact because it allows customers from all countries to buy different types of products and services in a very fast and simple way. Today, with the rapid development of digital; Big data, artificial intelligence, IoT, blockchain... words that still seemed barbaric a few years ago, occupy a prominent place in the digital tools we use every day. That is why at a time when Covid-19 is affecting the whole world, it is interesting to ask what is the place of digital and new technologies in the health crisis? What are they for when all means are good for fighting the virus? Moreover, in addition to the development of the internet and the use of digital tools, the changes noted on consumer behavior attract the attention of specialists who are trying to understand these changes; traditional purchases of customers are becoming increasingly rare, leaving room for web activities or electronic commerce. The only reason behind this fact is that customers can now choose their product with their fingertips across the globe. So due to the covid19 pandemic, e-commerce activities are also facing unexpected challenges. This study will focus on the impact of digital in the fight against covid-19 on the one hand, but also and especially on e-commerce activities and the sudden change in demand on the other.Keywords. Technologies, E-Commerce, Pandemic, Covid19.JEL. F21, F68, O53, K23
Unconventional monetary theories in modern Middle Eastern economic schools amended october 2019
Get PDFAbstract. In this study, we classify the unconventional monetary views found in the modern Middle East economic literature into five main categories. These five categories include 1) Full reserve-like approach to the banking system, 2) Commodity/Asset-backed monetary systems or Currency board-like frameworks, 3) Interest-free approach to the banking system, 4) Bank-free approach to the banking industry, and finally 5) Public money or monetary guidance approach to the monetary system. Additionally, we identify a collection of ideas as hybrids or combinations, some of which are in their developmental stage and are receiving significant attention and support. Our review of these approaches summarizes their theoretical foundations, historical and current advocates, and relevant policy recommendations.Keywords. Monetary economics, Unconventional theories, Middle Eastern schools.JEL. F21, F68, O53, K23
Berkeley blues; Ford community corps partnership: Integrating environmental ethic, bioethics and the ethics of emerging technology into a comprehensive leadership philosophy. A regional study, Detroit
Get PDFThe following project was conducted in partnership with University of Detroit Mercy and Ford Community Corps. Multiple no-profit were approached to make this project possible such as; ERACCE, Detroit Audubon, Detroit International Wild-Life Refuge, Belle Isle. The non-profit ERACCE has provided the criteria of analyzing power in the organizations that are at risk of environmental violations or have had environmental violations. Furthermore, the non-profit has asked for a comparison of power between non-profits working within the sector, such as Detroit Audubon, Detroit International Wild Life Refuge and Detroiters Working for Environmental Justice and the business sector. Hence, this is where ERACCE believes the gap in power to be and hence, environmental injustice and satisfying the proposals need to impact the community. To this end they have provided a sampling of questions that the interview/research should answer. The project has also been written to enhance Michigan’s competitive advantage in; conservation, environmental stewardship, civil rights, industrial innovation, and entrepreneurship as put forth by the Environmental Justice Workgroup in 2018. Furthermore, the rationale that has been provided is the increase in both the private sector and public sector awareness towards sustainability and push towards higher levels of sustainability by CEO’s. Two Nobel Laureates have been awarded a joint Nobel Peace Prize in integrating technological and environmental advances into economic theory. His Holiness Pope Francis wrote an encyclical towards integrating environmental ethics into religious faith followed by an effort with Notre Dame and Oxford to establish a center to focus on matters of ecology. UN Sustainable goals have been established and work has been done to map out the frontier of sustainable technologies. Furthermore, during the course of the year long projection March 19th the state of Michigan entered into a lock-down due to the pandemic termed Covid-19 and the project and scope were modified to reflect this change. The research confirms the hypothesis that there is an imbalance of power between the business community and the community involved in the work of environmental injustice issues.Keywords. Environmental ethic, Emerging technology, Leadership philosophy, Regional study, Detroit.JEL. F21, F68, O53, K23
Health and environmental policies associated with low fatality rate of Covid-19
Get PDFAbstract. The statistical evidence of the study here shows that countries with a low average COVID-19 fatality rate have high expenditures in health sector and a lower exposure of population to air pollution, regardless a higher percentage of population aged more than 65 years. This study suggest that the negative impact of future pandemics driven by novel viral agents can be reduced with long-run policies directed to support healthcare sector and sustainable environment.Keywords. COVID-19, Fatality rates, Health policy, Air pollution, Sustainability, Crisis management, Policy responses; Preparedness.JEL. F21, F68, O53, K23
Understanding and improving the governance of ecosystem services: The case of agriculture
Get PDFAbstract. (Agro)ecosystem services is a “new” term, which is rapidly and widely used in academicstudies, and policies and business practices around the globe.Nevertheless, in many countries around the globe, studies associated with agroecosystem services and their “management” are at the beginning stage.This article suggests a holistic framework for defining, evaluating and improving the system of governance of agro-ecosystem services. The interdisciplinary Theory of Ecosystem Services and the New Institutional Economy are adapted, and the governance of agroecosystem services defined, various related agents identified, principle forms and mechanisms of governance classified, an adequate criterion for assessing efficiency formulated, and stages for analysis and improvement of the system of governance characterized. The proposed new approach is based on the “building up” of a hierarchy of agro-ecosystems and services related to its different levels, and an assessment of the efficiency and complementarities of the governance modes and mechanisms, corresponding to each level of “provision” of agroecosystem services.Keywords. Agro-ecosystems, Services, Governance, Market, Private, Public modes, Efficiency.JEL. Q12, Q13, Q15, Q18
The scramble for African mining by world economic powers: Concern for Africa’s
Get PDFAbstract. Mining has become a very lucrative business for the global economic powers. On the African continent, this seemingly opportunity for developing African countries like Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa that enjoy huge mineral deposits comes with its repercussions in relation to their respective economic performances as they open their doors to selected top economies of the world. This paper therefore looks at the general mining environment on the continent as a whole, narrowed down to specialized countries of Africa on coal mining, crude oil and gold mining with emphasis in the South African, Nigerian and Ghanaian context. Using descriptive research design and the correlation method of analysis, this conceptual paper identifies that with the Africa mining industry is becoming more scrambled for and this has left wavering relationship with the economic growth on the African continent despite the improvements on the economies of the scramblers. As recommendation however, the study suggested that the various governments in Africa should review some obsolete negotiation terms which are against the modern realities in the mining sector so as not to be overtaken by events as they open their doors to foreign investors in the mining sectors.Keywords. Africa, Mining, Mineral Products, Correlation, Economy, Scramble.JEL. F66, F10, F13
The politics of fear and relationship with the effective level of crime and socioeconomic issues: Empirical analysis of a case study
Get PDFAbstract. The goal of this study is to analyze if a perceived risk of crime and social issues is supported by effective levels of empirical data. This study focuses on a vital case study, Italy that is one of the largest economies in Europe with socioeconomic issues also with a high flows of immigration from Africa and Middle East. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric analyses are applied on data from EUROSTAT and UNODC over a period from 2000 to 2019. Although levels of crime and immigration are declining over time, perceived risk of these social issues is high. In general, the perceived risk of crime seems to be overestimated. The only factor of concern in Italian economy for population is the increasing level of unemployment that can be a source of social issues. These results seem to be due to misleading information diffused by some political parties with media that induce people to overestimate perceived risk of crime and immigration: the politics of fear. The findings of this paper can provide a preliminary analysis and encourage the development of more in-depth studies to better understand the sources of fear of crime due to social issues and their possible interrelationships with social and political contexts in order to support appropriate policies in society.Keywords. Violent crime, Homicide, Sexual violence, Fear of crime, Perceived risk, Vulnerability, Immigration, Poverty, Europe, Political party, Politics of fear.JEL. I30, D63, F60