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Dynamic causal modeling reveals increased cerebellar- periaqueductal gray communication during fear extinction
Get PDFIntroduction:
The extinction of fear memories is an important component in regulating defensive behaviors, contributing toward adaptive processes essential for survival. The cerebellar medial nucleus (MCN) has bidirectional connections with the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) and is implicated in the regulation of multiple aspects of fear, such as conditioned fear learning and the expression of defensive motor outputs. However, it is unclear how communication between the MCN and vlPAG changes during conditioned fear extinction.
Methods:
We use dynamic causal models (DCMs) to infer effective connectivity between the MCN and vlPAG during auditory cue-conditioned fear retrieval and extinction in the rat. DCMs determine causal relationships between neuronal sources by using neurobiologically motivated models to reproduce the dynamics of post-synaptic potentials generated by synaptic connections within and between brain regions. Auditory event related potentials (ERPs) during the conditioned tone offset were recorded simultaneously from MCN and vlPAG and then modeled to identify changes in the strength of the synaptic inputs between these brain areas and the relationship to freezing behavior across extinction trials. The DCMs were structured to model evoked responses to best represent conditioned tone offset ERPs and were adapted to represent PAG and cerebellar circuitry.
Results:
With the use of Parametric Empirical Bayesian (PEB) analysis we found that the strength of the information flow, mediated through enhanced synaptic efficacy from MCN to vlPAG was inversely related to freezing during extinction, i.e., communication from MCN to vlPAG increased with extinction.
Discussion:
The results are consistent with the cerebellum contributing to predictive processes that underpin fear extinction
Orbital
No full textA team of astronauts in the International Space Station collect meteorological data, conduct scientific experiments and test the limits of the human body. But mostly they observe. Together they watch their silent blue planet, circling it sixteen times, spinning past continents and cycling through seasons, taking in glaciers and deserts, the peaks of mountains and the swells of oceans. Endless shows of spectacular beauty witnessed in a single day.
Yet although separated from the world they cannot escape its constant pull. News reaches them of the death of a mother, and with it comes thoughts of returning home. They look on as a typhoon gathers over an island and people they love, in awe of its magnificence and fearful of its destruction.
The fragility of human life fills their conversations, their fears, their dreams. So far from earth, they have never felt more part - or protective - of it. They begin to ask, what is life without earth? What is earth without humanity
Postdigital education in a biotech future
No full textThis paper explores a possible future of postdigital education in 2050 using the means of social science fiction. The first part of the paper introduces the shift from 20th century primacy of physics to 21st century primacy of biology with an accent to new postdigital–biodigital reconfigurations and challenges in and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The second part of the paper presents a fictional speech at the graduation ceremony of a fictional military academy in a fictional East Asian country in 2050. This fictional world is marked by global warfare and militarization, and addressed graduates are the first generation of artificially evolved graduates in human history. The third part of the paper interprets the fictional narrative, contextualizes it into educational challenges of today, and argues for a dialogical, humanistic conception of new postdigital education in a biotech future
amongst it all, some occasional moments of respite
Get PDFIt’s great when you find a moment to stop, when some space opens up where you are briefly free of any responsibilities and jobs. I get very excited when this happens, especially if it is unexpected, and I get a moment to do what I want. In amongst it all, some occasional moments of respite (2023), the organist has three parallel looping lines that create many different paths to follow. They must navigate a route through each of the lines, with the feet and each hand working independently, trying to find a point of rest where all three parts coincide. The piece is a labyrinth, with the organist making choices that impact on the efficiency with which they manage to locate these places of repose
Arts Team: Street Child United Cricket World Cup
No full textThe 'Arts Team' produced a wide range of artefacts at the Street Child World Cup. The team was made up of 5 graduates from Bath School of Design and were selected by Tim Vyner and Street Child United staff. The team included Clem Ali, Maisy Beal, Matilda Black, Ella Caton and Jake Davis.
Tim and the team produced a series of collaborative outcomes during the Street Child Cricket World Cup in Chennai; including workshops with participants, daily 'zine' publications, textile banners, team declarations, 'live' drawings, (both digital and analogue)
Advanced matrix games for professional wargaming
No full textThe innovation of the method of Matrix Games has taken the Professional Wargaming world by storm. This book aims to bring together some of the best practise since the first book on Matrix Games was published in 2015.
This book is divided into three sections.
The first part includes an updated detailed guide to running matrix games based on several decades experience of running these games professionally.
The second part of the book includes five new games about conflict, procurement, the High North and protecting Critical national Infrastructure.
The final part of the book includes the five scenarios about simulating historical conflicts for military education. These games were included in the first book on matrix games Matrix Games for Professional Wargaming that was first published in 2014.
Taken as a whole, the book includes the best current practical advice on running games, with ten examples of future, current and historical conflicts
