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Informal Practices and The Future of Mass Atrocity Prevention: Exploring The Function of Arria Formula Meetings
Get PDFThe UN Security Council is experiencing a period of increased tension between member states, in part caused by the ratcheting up of major power disputes. In this context, one can highlight a range of informal practices that have begun to gain greater traction in response to the ongoing challenge of supporting mass atrocity crime prevention. Most notably, the use of informal dialogue forums such as Arria formula meetings which are increasingly utilized as critical sites for discussion of early warning initiatives outside of formal UNSC meetings. However, so far academic literature exploring the rise in the use of such forums and their potential value in supporting prevention activities has been limited. In response, this article examines the extent to which Arria formula meetings can work to support atrocity prevention activities by examining three key practical functions of such meetings. In doing so it draws on practice theory in order to help theorize the significant interplay between formal and informal practices within the UNSC. Through this analysis, it is argued that despite the increased utilisation of Arria formula meetings, they have so far proven most effective as a tool for agenda setting, rather than a mechanism that can work to address significant Security Council divisions over the authorisation of atrocity prevention responses
The impact of bilingualism on hate speech perception and slur appropriation: An initial study of Italian UK residents
Get PDFThe complex relationship between bilingualism and emotions has been extensively studied since the early 2000s, but the potential impact of bilingualism on speakers’ perceptions and reactions to an emotionally loaded topic such as hate speech has been overlooked. This chapter reports the first investigation of this kind, examining whether hate speech perception differs for late bilinguals in their first language (L1) versus their second language (L2), and how bilingual experience factors such as length of residence in the L2 country and language dominance may predict these perceptions. This research also explores whether the same factors, along with identifying with a sexual or ethnic minority, may predict bilinguals’ perception of appropriateness in using slurs to react to hate speech, and whether bilinguals would appropriate slurs themselves. The bilingual group surveyed consists of 43 highly proficient L1 Italian speakers of L2 English, who grew up in Italy until at least the age of 16 and have been in the UK for an average of 5 years. The results indicate that the participants perceive hate speech rather similarly in their L1 and L2. Importantly, despite the overall higher familiarity with L1 hate words, a longer period of residence in the UK is associated with L1 hate words becoming less accessible in terms of familiarity, use, and imageability, while L2 words become less offensive. Moreover, slur appropriation is not predicted by any of the bilingual experience variables, but only by whether participants identify as part of a minority. The findings are discussed with reference to bilingualism research on L1 attrition and emotion, and by highlighting the implications of considering bilinguals’ unique perceptions of hate speech from both linguistic and interdisciplinary perspectives
Individual differences in processing multisensory information predict presence in different virtual reality environments
Get PDFOne of the most notable aspects of using a head mounted display is the feeling of being ‘within’ the digitally created virtual world. Technological advances across the fields of computer science and engineering have helped to increase this sense of presence. However, there remain wide variations between individuals, which are only just beginning to be captured at a theoretical level. One potential explanation for these individual differences may be how individuals process multisensory information. In this paper we detail two studies which explored whether performance on two different multisensory tasks (the pip and pop and a redundant signals task), predict some of these differences in self-reported presence. In study 1 (N = 32), clear correlations between the multisensory task (pip and pop) and presence scores were found using an underwater simulation. This provided the first indication that individuals that were positively influenced by illusory audiovisual conjunctions were also those that had the strongest sense of presence. Study 2 (N = 68) expanded upon these results, finding again that multisensory integration (within a redundant signals task) was related to self-reports of presence using a different VR experience. In addition, it was found that this relationship could be moderated by either providing a unisensory or multisensory VR experience. Together these results suggest that individual differences in the efficiency of multisensory integration may provide an additional level of explanation not currently accounted for within theoretical models of presence formation
Green Synergy: Unleashing Creativity, Innovation, Dynamic Capability, and Performance of Small and Medium Firms
Get PDFThe critical role of green creativity in small firms’ financial and environmental performance has attracted scholarly interest in recent times. Prior studies have reported inconsistent findings on this relationship, prompting the need for further investigations. This study investigates the effect of green creativity on performance through green innovation at different levels of green dynamic capability. This study collected data on 246 small firms in a developing nation, Ghana. Adopting structural equation modelling (SEM) in LISREL 8.8 to test our hypothesized relationships, this study reveals that green creativity significantly affects both financial and environmental performance. We further find that green innovation does not significantly mediate the relationship between green creativity and performance (environmental and financial). Additionally, this study reports that at high levels of green dynamic capability, the positive relationship between green creativity and environmental performance through green innovation is strengthened
Editorial Boards of Finance Journals: The Gender Gap and Social Networks
Get PDFWe investigate gender disparities and network linkages among editors of Finance journals at the end of 2022. The role of journal editors in shaping academic disciplines is crucial, yet gender imbalances and the geographic concentration of editors remain poorly understood. Ethical considerations arise when examining the representation of women on editorial boards, as these imbalances can impact academic equity and the diversity of perspectives. We examine the gender composition of editorial boards and uncover the network structures among editors, seeking to shed light on the concentration of editorial power and its implications for diversity and inclusion. Our findings reveal that women account for an average of 20% of all editors, with notable variations across countries. Additionally, editorial affiliations are heavily concentrated in the United States and the United Kingdom. Through typological metrics, we identify highly connected editors with significant board memberships. While gender ratios remain consistent in substructures involving highly central editors or those serving on multiple boards, men consistently outnumber women
AI-thenticity: Exploring the effect of perceived authenticity of AI-generated visual content on tourist patronage intentions
No full textArtificial intelligence (AI) can generate high-quality destination images to attract prospective visitors. The perceived authenticity of these images can determine the extent to which tourists will patronize a destination. This study proposes the concept of AI-thenticity defined indexically as the originality of artificial intelligence-generated content and iconically as how accurately and faithfully artificial intelligence-generated content reproduces the original. Experimental research design is employed to explore the relationships between AI- versus human-made (labelled and non-labelled) destination photos, perceived authenticity, trust, congruence, and patronage intentions. The results show that perceived authenticity of AI-generated images positively influences trust, and patronage intentions. Notably, congruence between AI-generated images and tourists mediates the relationship between AI-thenticity and patronage intentions. Although perceived authenticity is more pronounced for human-generated images, perceived authenticity of AI-generated content is significant, especially if it is non-labelled. Theoretically, the study demonstrates how AI-thenticity can aid in understanding the concept of authenticity in a rapidly digitizing world. Practically, the study shows the potential of AI for destination management and marketing
Choreographing the disabled spectator: Disrupting audience expectations in Dancer and rampa landscape
No full textRepresentation of ‘differing bodyminds’ in dance has expanded how dancing bodies are imagined. Examining two performances in Helsinki, Finland, Dancer and rampa landscape: lazy, late, absent through collaborative autoethnography we consider in what ways these works might choreograph for disabled spectators. We argue that choreography addressing disability and neurodivergence that does not consider the diverse access needs of spectators, risks creating hermeneutical injustice. This occurs when individuals experience harm due to their inability to understand or articulate their own experiences. Hermeneutical injustice is characterized by inequitable access to disability knowledge and a declarative approach to access where performances, venues and artists claim to be accessible for spectators without attention to what is necessary for access. Through this process, spectators without access needs have more access to the choreographic knowledge of disability. We alternate our experiences of these performances with reflections on spectator access and draw on framing materials to provide context. We focus on how the performance choreographs for disabled spectators – relating our own embodied experiences and observations as audience members. Ultimately, cripping choreography cannot just involve onstage representation; it must consider and welcome the disabled spectator
Crime, Criminal Justice & Ethics in Outer Space: International Perspectives
No full textMany academic and practical disciplines have been engaging with outer space issues for decades. For instance, there are now well established disciplines within the natural sciences, like astronomy, astrophysics, astro-biology and robotics (to name a few). The arts and social sciences have also researched, debated and theorized about outer space, and disciplines have emerged within astrosociology, space art, space law and space anthropology (again, to name a few). However, criminologists, criminal justice scholars and ethics have not responded to space industry developments in quite the same way as other sectors. Perhaps this is due to the nascent stage of physical space habitation. Perhaps it is a result of jurisdictional unknowns and complications about what is considered criminal, and what is not. Either way, contemporary space expansionism is increasing the likelihood of human behavioural conflict and deviancy off-Earth. As such, one of the main rationale’s for this book is to advocate for interdisciplinary discussion as anthropogenic interactions with outer space are rising, instead of waiting for deviant and unwanted human behaviours to occur before discussing them from a criminological, criminal justice and ethical point of view. What would happen, for instance, if there is a human death in space? What if there are arguments, or physical and mental abuse between space-goers? It is, surely, more beneficial to debate, discuss and theorise such problems, and consider their solutions, prior to such behaviour occurring. After all, a precautionary and holistic approach to the study of criminality will save money, prevent victimisation, and ensure human and political relations in outer space are respectful and productive, rather than remaining unknown and unplanned. This book is the very first edited collection of chapters dedicated solely to these ideas - about how to prepare for, address and respond to, instances of criminal and harmful behaviour in (and related to) outer space. It also considers what criminal justice might look like in outer space, and how the important arena of ethics might help play a pivotal role in helping overcome problems related to crime and crime control. The book has 24 chapters from 26 authors in 13 different countries spanning six continents, giving a truly international dimension to the first anthology relating to the intersection of space criminology, space criminal justice and space ethics. It is this international dimension that is quintessential to the development of a holistic understanding of crime, criminal justice and ethics in outer space, mirroring the need to work collaboratively and internationally on space projects across all disciplines (whether in the natural sciences, social sciences or arts). Consequently, this book represents one ‘small step’ in the development of a space criminology, which we hope will result in a ‘giant leap’ towards future research in these areas in the future