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An exploratory mixed-methodological analysis of police hostage and crisis negotiation in the United Kingdom
No full textHostage and crisis negotiators are police officers who have been trained to respond to and resolve hostage and crisis incidents. They are often required to respond to highly-pressurised and emotive incidents that may last for protracted periods of time and are likely to encounter situations whereby their actions could play a role in whether individuals live or die. The first aim of the current thesis was to identify whether negotiators in the United Kingdom (UK) possess certain traits or characteristics that serve to enable them to perform their role effectively and differentiate them from the wider police population. The first phase of the research involved a quantitative cross-sectional comparison of a sample of hostage and crisis negotiators (n = 117) with a sample of non-negotiator police officers (n = 118) from 21 UK forces and a sample of students (n = 203) utilising a psychometric test battery measuring five constructs previously identified within the literature as playing a role in success within occupational settings: Personality, Coping Style, Cognitive Emotion Regulation, Decision-Making Style and Emotional Intelligence. The findings refuted the existence of a “unique hostage and crisis negotiator profile” but confirmed the existence of a unique “police officer profile” by demonstrating significant differences between both police samples and the student sample in relation to all constructs measured. These findings are discussed with reference to the implications for the selection, training and CPD of UK negotiators. Hostage and crisis negotiation is one of many options available to police incident commanders and is well-established as an effective means of resolving hostage and crisis incidents. Whilst there is a plethora of published literature relating to the entity of hostage and crisis negotiation, the majority of this literature has been developed within the United States of America (USA), on the basis of USA negotiator deployments and experiences. The second aim, therefore, was to provide an insight into the discipline of negotiation in the UK by conducting a constructivist grounded theory analysis of the experiences of negotiators as derived from semi-structured interviews with 15 negotiators from nine UK police forces. The findings allowed for the development of five grounded theoretical micro-models: a) The Nature and Characteristics of UK Hostage and Crisis Negotiation, b) The UK Hostage and Crisis Negotiator Journey, c) The UK-Centric D.I.A.M.O.N.D. Procedural Model of Hostage and Crisis Negotiation, d) The UK Hostage and Crisis Negotiator Experience, and e) The Self-Perceived Successful UK Hostage and Crisis Negotiator Profile. These micro-models are discussed with reference to their implications for hostage and crisis negotiation policy and practice in a UK-centric context
From Inquiry to Action: RJ in the UK
Full text linkOver the past five years, Restorative Justice (RJ) in the UK has undergone a transformative journey, with the All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on Restorative Justice playing a pivotal role. Established in 2021, the APPG conducted a comprehensive inquiry, resulting in a report that outlines nine key recommendations for enhancing the accessibility and effectiveness of RJ across the UK.
The APPG organized four workstreams and a series of stakeholder events with practitioners to investigate the nine recommendations and publish their own findings. Further, working groups were organized to investigate RJ’s role in sectors such as health, education, and social care. The APPG has made attempts to influence policy change, enhance the quality of RJ services, and further promote the right for victims to be informed of RJ.
Despite this progress, challenges persist. The recent passing of the Victims and Prisoners Act 2024 did not enshrine RJ in law, however, whether that should happen or not is a highly contentious debate within the sector. Concerns surround the negative impact of institutionalization and professionalization of RJ, and the potential for core RJ values to be subsumed by a dominant, punitive, criminal justice system. The calling of a general election in the UK has had an even greater impact on the APPG's work, with further implications and significant uncertainty for the RJ landscape nationally.
This presentation provides an overview of the current state of RJ in the UK and the potential prospects. It offers valuable insights and learning for practitioners, policymakers, and researchers interested in the continued evolution of RJ and its potential to transform the criminal justice system
Utilising GPS wearable technology to monitor external work demands of seam bowlers between playing formats
Full text linkIt has been well established from previous time-motion analysis that seam bowlers have the greatest external work demands across all playing positions which has increased with the introduction of twenty over cricket (T20) to go alongside the traditional multi-day format (Petersen et al, 2010). Although it is established that the unique formats have different locomotion demands for all players including pace bowlers, it is not clear whether these differences affect run-up velocity (Maunder et al, 2017). Run-up velocity is seen as a key variable related to ball release speeds and better bowling performance whilst negative changes in run-up velocity throughout a match would be seen as an indicator of a pace bowlers’ inability to sustain high intensity efforts (Duffield et al, 2009). Previous time-motion analysis has centred almost exclusively on total external workload demands in cricket, whilst not investigating individual bowling events which perhaps does not show how bowling is affected by the unique playing format (Bray, 2016). Recent developments in global positioning systems (GPS) technology have been shown to be valid and reliable in auto-detecting bowling events in live competition therefore increasing the ease from which meaningful measures of bowling intensity can be gathered (McNamara et al, 2018; Jowitt et al, 2020). Therefore, the primarily aims of the study were to quantify the differences in run-up velocity and locomotion demands between multi-day (MD) and T20 cricket. Secondary was to access the variability of locomotion and run-up velocity within each of the formats.
Five first class professional male pace bowlers (mean ± standard deviation) aged 27.33 ± 2.94 y, stature (183.20 ± 5.66 cm), and body mass (81.70 ± 3.26 kg) from a team playing in the top domestic league in English County Cricket wore GPS-accelerometery units during the 2022 playing season across 16 T20 fixtures and 16 days of MD cricket. Variables analysed were total distance (m), meterage (m/min), ball count, total duration (min), and maximal run up velocity (m·s-1). The main findings of the study showed daily fielding in MD to have significantly greater total distances, higher ball count, lower meterage, and a slower run-up velocity than T20 cricket (p < 0.001). Variability findings found run-up velocity to be non-significantly changed from first to last over in T20 cricket (6.42 ± 0.41 and 6.42 ± 0.38 m·s-1, p = 0.978) compared to MD where bowlers significantly increased their run-up velocity from first to last over (6.04 ± 0.43 and 6.23 ± 0.40 m·s-1, p < 0.001).
This is an original study in its attempt to monitor and compare locomotive demands of pace bowling between and variability within playing formats from real world competition. The findings show that the increased total workload requirements in MD cricket will possibly make the bowler adopt a pacing strategy by having a slower run-up velocity to conserve energy throughout the fielding innings. This is different to T20 where the game is played at a higher intensity and with faster run-up velocities where pacing to mitigate against fatigue is not required. As bowling at greater speeds is sought after for match success, practitioners and coaches should attempt to adequately prepare bowlers physically as well as tactically conserve pace bowler’s energy to help maintain run-up velocities in MD closer to that seen in T20 cricket
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