107159 research outputs found
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A child rights audit of GenAI in EdTech: learning from five UK case studies
No full textThis report is for everyone concerned with children’s digital lives at school. It will mainly interest those seeking to protect and empower children in the context of today’s increasingly AI-facilitated education. It particularly addresses policymakers, educators, child rights advocates and researchers. It examines different GenAI in EdTech use cases in or for education to identify whether and how these new tools support or undermine children’s education, privacy and safety, as well as other rights
Trust or money? Barriers to health and healthcare behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic
No full textThis study aimed to examine how trust in institutions and changes in household finances were associated with healthcare utilization and preventive behaviors during and immediately after the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic worsened health disparities, ignited distrust in healthcare systems, and contributed to household economic shifts for many United States (US) residents. To examine these issues, we surveyed a nationally representative sample of US residents in July 2020 (n = 1,085) and May 2023 (n = 2,189). These repeated cross-sectional surveys enabled investigation of how trust in key stakeholders (e.g., federal government, the healthcare system) and household finances were linked with various types of healthcare utilization (e.g., annual preventive visits, receipt of pharmacy-based healthcare), preventive health care (e.g., influenza vaccination), and preventive behaviors (e.g., exercise, healthy eating). In 2023, the likelihoods of using some types of healthcare (annual health check and pharmacy-based healthcare) and engaging in preventive health behaviors increased relative to 2020. Improved household finances were associated with greater odds of healthy eating, exercising, and receiving annual preventive visits. Trust in the healthcare system was positively associated with all healthcare use types examined including preventive care such as influenza immunization and the individual prevention behavior of healthy eating but not exercise. Findings highlight the important role healthcare systems can have as trusted entities in potentially supporting healthcare utilization and prevention in the post-pandemic environment. Policy implications of these findings include increased efforts by payers and healthcare systems to facilitate positive health behaviors for US residents via specific strategies, such as making annual preventive health checks more accessible. At the same time, it is critical to support maintaining and building trust in healthcare systems to promote appropriate healthcare utilization
Clinical properties of the short mood and feelings questionnaire: development of a free calculator based on the Brazilian high-risk cohort study
No full textBackground: The Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) is a validated tool for assessing depressive symptoms in youth, though no specific cut-point exists for the Brazilian population. Item response theory (IRT) and interval likelihood ratios (ILRs) offer refined methods to monitor symptoms but involve complex calculations that hinder clinical implementation. Methods: Cross-sectional data were drawn from an urban school-based sample (Brazilian High-Risk Cohort Study in 2018–2019, n = 1,905, aged 14–23, 46.6 % females). Diagnoses were based on Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) clinical ratings. SMFQ factor scores were estimated using IRT and transformed into T-scores. ROC curves evaluated diagnostic properties for internalizing- and externalizing-spectrum disorders. A calculator was developed to estimate post-test probabilities from T-scores using ILRs. Sensitivity analysis excluded MDD as a comorbid diagnosis. Results: ROC curve analyses suggested a sum score cut-off of >6 and a T-score of >55 for detecting MDD. The SMFQ showed good accuracy for internalizing conditions (AUC >0.8) but low for attention and externalizing disorders (AUC <0.7). ILRs for internalizing conditions ranged from 0.12 (95 % CI: 0.07–0.19) to 29.98 (95 % CI: 11.99–75), with post-test probabilities exceeding pre-test probabilities for scores above the cut-off. Sensitivity analysis confirmed findings when excluding MDD. Including ILRs significantly improved predictive models over dichotomous cut-offs. Conclusion: The application of ILRs based on IRT T-scores improved SMFQ's predictive ability for internalizing-spectrum conditions, regardless of comorbidity. A calculator can integrate these methods into clinical practice, supporting real-time data-driven decisions
Health care coverage and access for displaced persons from Ukraine: assessing the implementation of the Temporary Protection Directive across EU Member States
No full textSince the beginning of the conflict in Ukraine, close to 4.3 million non-EU citizens have been granted temporary protection in the European Union (EU). Beneficiaries gain access to health care in their host countries. All EU countries must ensure coverage for and access to a minimum set of health care services, but they can arrange delivery and extend the services covered as they deem feasible, necessary, and appropriate. The aim is to assess the implementation of temporary protection across 27 EU countries, including legislative provisions and health care coverage foreseen. This study offers a comparative overview of health care entitlements and financial coverage, access to services and barriers encountered in host health systems. This study is based on three qualitative survey rounds conducted with members from the EU Health Security Committee and the Health Systems Policy Monitor network (European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies). All Member States have made the necessary legal provisions. However, large variations in health care benefits and financial coverage exist. The main reported access barriers relate to language, pre-existing capacity limitations, and lacking awareness of provisions on both beneficiary and health care provider sides. As displaced persons from Ukraine transition into stable living conditions in host countries, data should be collected systematically to ensure health services can be tailored to meet their needs. Better aligning health care provision with other services, such as social care, may help unburden health systems and maximise the use of available resources. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier B.V.
How has the employment gap of those growing up with special educational needs or disability in England changed over two cohorts born 30 years apart?
No full textAcross the world, disabled working-age adults face substantial labour market disadvantage, though with variation by age. For example, in the UK, the disability employment gap remains greater among those who are older. To investigate whether this means that more recent cohorts face less disadvantage or instead captures a greater impact of disability at older ages, we compare two British cohorts born in 1958 and 1989/90 identified with special educational needs or disability (SEND) in childhood. SEND functions as a classification bounded by the institutional context, which recognises particular conditions and forms of impairment as salient within the school context for a given time and system. By using a measure of disability prior to labour market entry we can compare employment gaps in youth across the two cohorts independently of subsequent labour market impacts on disability onset. We find that by age 25, those from both birth cohorts, particularly women, face substantial economic disadvantage. The gaps are, however, smaller for the younger cohort. While they increase in mid-life for the older cohort they show some convergence by age 50. Qualifications and social background explain less of the gap for the older cohort and for women from the younger one
Who migrates and where? Insights into global migrant selectivity through South American migration
No full textInternational migrants, especially those migrating for economic reasons, typically differ from non-migrant co-nationals in both observed (e.g., education) and unobserved characteristics (e.g., motivation). However, knowledge about such migrant selectivity, particularly from the Global South, remains limited. South America is a key region for studying this issue, as half of South American migrants live in another South American country, while the other half reside in Europe or the US. Using harmonized census data from IPUMS, we explore how migrant educational selectivity varies by origin and destination, and how it evolves over three decades (1990s–2010s). We show that South American migrants are selected in general but are more selected when moving to more distant or challenging locations, such as the US. At the same time, intraregional moves can also be highly selective, and at times resemble those directed toward Europe (where selectivity remains lower than to the US)
Seventy years of information systems development methodologies from early business computing to the Agile era: a two-part history. Part 1: from pre to early ISD methodology era - the emergence of ISD methodologies and their golden era (1880-1980)
No full textInformation systems design (ISD) methodologies emerged soon after business computers in the 1950s. They have been a central topic of research and professional discourse in the information systems (IS) field ever since. This is Part 1 of a two-part history of ISD methodologies from the pre-methodology era that laid the foundational thinking that has been incorporated into ISD methodologies until now. We apply a historical method to follow the narrative of ISD methodology evolution in a historical context to identify central innovations and milestones that changed the environment allowing new types of ISD outcomes and processes to emerge demanding novel methodological responses. We will study what changed, what stayed the same and where the major shifts occurred. Part 1 reports on the major innovations and milestones that changed the IS environment during the Pre ISD methodology era (1880–1960) leading to the emergence of the Early ISD methodology era (1960–1980) practices and associated methodological innovations and principles. Part 2 includes the Later ISD (1980–1990) and Early post ISD methodology era (1990-today) histories
From ostensible to actual media pluralism. An examination of content diversity in Greece's fragmented online media system
No full textThis study examines the Greek media landscape, characterized by a paradox of low press freedom and high numerical fragmentation. The analysis is based on an extensive dataset comprising over 3.37 million article titles from a broad spectrum of Greek online media published throughout 2024. The findings reveal that this quantitative fragmentation does not necessarily lead to qualitative content pluralism. Thematic coverage across websites shows a lack of divergence while metrics of news polarity and stance towards the government follow similar trends. Only a few websites are positioned outside the larger clusters around these metrics with the majority being pro-government and positive. News agency content reproduction further contributes to homogenization. Crucially, the study provides empirical evidence that common ownership among media outlets significantly reduces the content’s diversity of viewpoints and stances. This suggests that media ownership structures exert a considerable influence on content, potentially undermining true media pluralism in Greece