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The non‐linear dependence of daily maximum ionospheric Total Electron Content on F10.7
No full textDaily 10.7 cm solar flux, the F10.7 index, is a key parameter for the ionospheric state. Global maps of ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) offer almost continuous multidecadal coverage. We find that the global daily maximum of TEC saturates with daily F10.7. We determine how F10.7 orders the properties of daily maximum TEC measured from 15-min Global Ionospheric Maps (GIMs) available for calendar years 2003–2024. These maps are generated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology. For each day of data we identify the largest TEC GIM maximum. For the full solar cycle 24 we compare linear and non-linear least squares fitting of the relationship between the daily F10.7 and the daily TEC maximum. We find that a tanh function provides a better fit to the full range of F10.7 than the linear fit, enabling us to quantify the saturation values of the daily maximum TEC, which are seasonally dependent between 83 and 128 TECU for daily F10.7 values 78–85 SFU. We quantify the quality of fit as a function of F10.7. For F10.7 150 SFU, the residuals for the tanh fit follow a normal distribution more closely than those of the linear fit. At lower values of F10.7, both linear and tanh fits perform well. The JPL-GIMs span the declining phase of cycle 23, the full cycle 24 and the ascending phase of cycle 25. Results for the partially sampled, but more active cycles are qualitatively consistent with that found for cycle 24, and motivate ongoing study of cycle 25
Co-moving systems with explosive regressors and time-varying volatility: evidence from the Spanish housing market
Full text linkThis study investigates the co-explosivity between Spain’s nominal house price index and the housing credit-to-GDP ratio over the period 1971–2024, with particular emphasis on the housing bubble years from 1998 to 2008. Applying the framework proposed by Chen et al. (2017), the analysis reveals an asymmetric relationship: house prices exhibit a stronger sensitivity to credit expansion than credit does to price increases, underscoring the disproportionate influence of credit on housing market dynamics. During the 1998–2008 bubble phase, the relationship becomes more symmetric, suggesting a feedback loop in which relaxed lending standards fueled housing demand, while rising prices reinforced further credit growth. This period is characterized by tighter coupling between the two variables, stronger co-movement, and faster correction dynamics—indicative of speculative lending behavior. The findings highlight the importance of monitoring credit conditions to better understand and manage housing market volatility
Beyond the rebel ‘territorial trap’ governing armed sovereign formations in Eastern Myanmar
No full textThe psychometric properties of scales assessing family context stigma in severe mental illness: a systematic review
Full text linkStigma experienced and/or conveyed by family members of individuals with mental health conditions may impact on their health and wellbeing, and on the quality of care and health outcomes of people with lived experience of mental illness. However, most of the research on stigma and mental illness has been on public attitudes and behaviors of patients rather than what is expressed by or experienced within families. We aimed to identify scales that assess stigma in the context of family life, and to evaluate their psychometric properties. A literature search across Web of Science, PsycINFO, Medline, Scopus, and ProQuest Social Science (up to August 2025) yielded 14 eligible studies, reported via PRISMA. None of the 14 scales directly or solely assesses family-context stigma, but includes dimensions of self or public stigma, especially related to schizophrenia, possibly neglecting other forms of severe mental illness (SMI). In addition, existing tools often overlook the full range of family relationships and diverse caregiving experiences. There is a need for measures that more adequately and comprehensively capture the often complex and nuanced experience of mental illness stigma within families
The aftermath of sovereign debt crises: a narrative approach
No full textThis paper investigates the causal effects of sovereign debt crises in a sample of 50 defaulting economies between 1870 and 2010. As default is potentially endogenous, we use the narrative approach to identify plausibly exogenous episodes. We find economically and statistically significant costs of up to 3.2 percent of GDP before recovering to the pre-crisis level after five years. The average aftermath, however, conceals a large heterogeneity by default cause. Defaults originating from negative supply shocks, political crises, or adverse terms of trade are associated with higher costs. Demand shocks, in contrast, have a moderate effect that is quickly reversed
Hierarchies of knowers and knowledges: exploring the potential of academic practitioner collaborations in tackling knowledge inequalities
No full textIn this article, we examine why academics and practitioners researching inequalities choose to collaborate and to what extent such collaborations have the potential to address knowledge inequalities in the research process. We maintain that the mere act of collaboration does not inherently lead to the tackling of knowledge inequalities and that the motivations for collaboration matter. We argue that although in single collaborations partners can create equitable relationships where the knowledge of both academic and practitioner partners are valued, transforming the dominant epistemological hierarchies within academia and policymaking will require time and structural change. We end by considering how such change will be difficult to achieve but is not impossible
You'll never walk alone: theorizing engaged walking with Doreen Massey
No full textAn avid supporter of Liverpool Football Club, geographer Doreen Massey was known to sing the club’s anthem, ‘You’ll Never Walk Alone’, on her hikes in the Lake District. In this article, we propose to take the song title quite literally – as a definitive statement rather than a promise – because, for us, walking is never a solitary activity, it always happens together with others. We revisit Massey’s essay ‘A Global Sense of Place’ and recreate her walk on Kilburn High Road, London, to reflect on the inherent relationality of walking. Acknowledging that Massey’s walk can be read both as situated in time (a specific week in 1991) and a composite of many walks helps us to demystify the aura of genius revelation that is still commonly associated with urban walking. Instead, we approach the practice of walking mindful of the countless factors that inform what we (do not) see and hear. We argue that engaged walking – that is walking that seeks to overcome the many shortcomings of this key urban research method and acknowledges what remains hidden from the walker’s immediate view, while centring the politics of the street – can reveal much about the power structures that (re)shape our cities
Modernizing a giant: assessing the impact of military-civil fusion on innovation in China’s defence-technological industry
No full textIn light of China’s objective of achieving complete military modernization by 2035 and becoming a world-class military by 2049, whether it will successfully modernize its military or not is a crucial question for the 21st century. Historically reliant on foreign technologies, China now faces challenges in developing indigenous innovation capabilities. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of financial data from Chinese listed companies with case studies, this paper assesses the impact of military-civil fusion (MCF) on innovation in China’s defence-technological industry. Findings indicate that MCF pushed state-owned enterprises (SOE) to be more efficient and to recentre on core businesses, while encouraging the gradual entry of private firms into the industry. Yet, several limitations exist. SOEs continue to enjoy greater subsidies and better integration into the national innovation system, cementing their advantage over their private counterparts. Private companies function as suppliers of large conglomerates, which remain the only ones capable of assembling advanced weapon systems. By examining the interaction between market dynamics and state-driven strategies, this paper explores the evolving role of China’s private sector in military modernization and underscores the synergies between government support and market interests in fostering innovation
Jumpstarting an international currency
No full textWhile the USD dominates cross-border transactions today, a few other currencies are also used internationally. This paper shows that central bank policies that reduce the volatility of borrowing costs for foreign firms in domestic currency can trigger a jumpstart of the currency’s international status, because firms’ choices of the currency of their working capital complement their sales invoicing. Empirically, the creation of swap lines by the People’s Bank of China between 2009 and 2018 supports this theoretical claim. Signing a swap line with a country is associated with an increase in the probability that the country would use the RMB at all by 12%, and a four-fold increase in the value of the country’s RMB payments
