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Broke autocrats, broken elections: trade shocks and electoral fraud in autocracies
Get PDFWe argue that when terms‐of‐trade (ToT) shocks reduce resource rents, autocrats lose the fiscal capacity to sustain loyalty through patronage and increasingly rely on electoral manipulation as a survival strategy. We present a simple model in which rents finance patronage in normal times, while adverse shocks reduce the effectiveness of loyalty‐buying and induce substitution toward electoral manipulation. We test these implications using a panel of 114 autocracies from 1980 to 2021. Shocks are defined as ToT declines larger than 10%, and their impact is estimated on V‐Dem's Clean Elections Index using a difference‐in‐differences design with country and year fixed effects. Results show that negative trade shocks are associated with worse electoral conditions, especially in resource‐rich regimes, consistent with a shift from patronage to manipulation. These findings highlight how volatility in global markets can shape electoral strategies and authoritarian control
Stochastic homogenization of HJ equations: a differential game approach
No full textWe prove stochastic homogenization for a class of non-convex and non-coercive first-order Hamilton-Jacobi equations in a finite-range-dependence environment for Hamiltonians that can be expressed by a max-min formula. Exploiting the representation of solutions as value functions of differential games, we develop a game-theoretic approach to homogenization. We furthermore extend this result to a class of Lipschitz Hamiltonians that need not admit a global max-min representation. Our methods allow us to get a quantitative convergence rate for solutions with linear initial data toward the corresponding ones of the effective limit problem
Screening property rights for innovation
No full textWe develop a dynamic structural model of patent screening incorporating incentives, intrinsic motivation, and multi-round negotiation. We use natural language processing to create a new measure of patent distance, which, together with detailed data on examiner decisions, enables us to estimate the model and study strategic decisions by applicants and examiners. Using the estimated model, we quantify the effectiveness of the U.S. Patent Office and evaluate counterfactual policy reforms. We find that patent screening is moderately effective, given the existing standards for patentability. Examiners exhibit substantial intrinsic motivation that strongly improves screening quality. We quantify the annual social costs of patent screening at $15.38bn, equivalent to 5% of total private sector R&D in the U.S. and show that reforms limiting the number of negotiation rounds significantly reduce social costs
Burnout among disability activists in England: Insights from the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory
Get PDFObjectives To contribute to the understanding of burnout among Disabled activists in the disability movement - ‘disability activists’ - in England using the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, and provide insights into the prevalence and features of burnout among this group. Methods The self-completed online survey collected data on burnout among adults who self-identify as Disabled and as activists in the disability movement. The survey used questions on activism, socio-demographics, the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory for burnout assessment, and other attitudinal questions. The sample included 134 respondents recruited through disability-related organisations and disability-related activist networks. An important aspect of the method was oversight by a steering group of lived experience disability experts, and to prioritise survey accessibility. Results A varied spectrum of impairment types was selected by respondents with the majority of respondents reporting long-term health conditions, and 74% reported having more than one impairment. Eighty-eight per cent of respondents reported that they undertake unpaid activism and 64% were undertaking paid activism. The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory has two dimensions – disengagement and exhaustion – which are strongly correlated (ϕ=0.83), however, respondents differ significantly in their burnout levels in each dimension and tend to be significantly more exhausted than disengaged. Bivariate analysis shows that impairment type and lived experiences impact on the experience of burnout in ways that most of the other socio-demographic categories do not, respondents with energy-limiting conditions were particularly burnt out. Age and place of activism also make a difference in the experience of burnout, with younger disability activists and activists in charities not run by Disabled People having higher levels of burnout. Respondents self-assessed their level of burnout and results were closely correlated with the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, suggesting that respondents understand whether they are burnt out and the intensity of their burnout. They also identified the key drivers of burnout which wasn’t their activism but rather the barriers that they face when confronted with ableism and the impact that ableist systems of oppression have on them. Conclusions The survey findings raise a number of important points adding to our understanding of burnout among disability activists. Some respondents mentioned support from and solidarity with others as a protective factor from burnout, which should be further explored
The economics of climate innovation: technology, climate policy, and the clean energy transition
No full textThis chapter examines the economics of climate innovation and its role in the clean technology transition. It outlines the incentives, market failures, and policy levers that shape the development and diffusion of clean technologies; traces global patterns in technology development and deployment; and highlights frontier challenges and open questions related to climate adaptation, critical mineral supply chains, artificial intelligence, and geopolitics. The analysis explores the role of effective climate policy, stressing the relevance of coordinated approaches that match instruments to technology maturity and local context
Diffusion of clean technologies: patterns, mechanism, and future
Get PDFThis paper examines the patterns and mechanisms of global clean technology diffusion over the last two decades. We document four stylized facts: uneven sectoral progress favoring power and light transport; China’s dominance in innovation and manufacturing; the role of modularity in driving cost declines; and limited adoption in developing economies. Through case studies of solar, electric vehicles, and hydrogen, we analyze how policy and infrastructure enable scale. Finally, we assess emerging challenges for the next phase of diffusion, including critical mineral constraints, artificial intelligence, and geopolitical fragmentation
Regulating primary markets in the capital markets union: between uniformity and differentiation
No full textThe mirrored self: managing work identity amid audience-led image discrepancies
Get PDFWork identity—how individuals see themselves at work is closely tied to perceived image, or how they believe they are viewed by their ‘audience’—others at work including supervisors, subordinates and coworkers. While prior research highlights the role of audience feedback in identity construction, less is known about how the audience forms these images, how individuals interpret them, and what happens when perceived image diverges from identity. This dissertation answers these questions through a multi-method investigation. I began with an inductive qualitative examination of how independent workers manage identity and image construction. Drawing on 54 interviews and an ethnography, the findings show that participants started their careers with nebulous or hazy work identities that crystallised through identity granting and acceptance, facilitated by the audience, the market and important milestones. Work identities also developed through personal-to-work identity spillovers, as individuals drew on their personal identities to craft their work identities. Additionally, participants engaged in image curation, showcasing selected aspects of themselves to shape the audience’s image of them. However, participants believed that their audiences engaged in their own construed image work through typecasting—restrictive categorisation, and image extrapolation—expansive categorisation of participants. These processes produced image discrepancies for participants when their perceived images diverged from their actual identities. To examine how individuals respond to image discrepancy more broadly in organisations and other occupations, I developed and validated measures for the two types of discrepancies: positive and negative. Across two survey studies and an experiment, I found that image discrepancy alters how individuals approach their audience through relationship-directed behaviours in organisations. Positive image discrepancy prompted promotion-focused relationship crafting and helping behaviour, with perceived regard and relational identification mediating this effect. Negative image discrepancy led to prevention-focused relationship crafting and intentions to exit the relationship, mediated by perceived regard and identity threat. I discuss the theoretical and practical implications for how individuals respond to and manage the notion that people at work may view them differently than how they view and present themselves
Capitalization of the world: global distribution of income from property, 2000-2020
Get PDFGlobal capital income inequality has declined in the 21st century, with the Gini coefficient falling from 97% to 94%. Over the same period, the share of the world population with annual capital income above $100 increased from 12% to 27%. This implies more than a doubling of the number of individuals earning positive income from interest, dividends, rents, and privately-funded pensions. Most Western nations have lost positions in the global capital income ranking, in contrast to several developing countries, particularly China and Russia. When adjusting for missing capital income in surveys using national accounts, while the levels of inequality slightly vary across adjustment methods, the results consistently confirm a decreasing inequality trend. This is also confirmed when the capitalized wealth of billionaires is included in the analysis using Forbes lists. Overall, this paper provides new global evidence on the evolution, distribution, and measurement of capital income, and highlights its implications for inequality analysis in contemporary capitalism