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Can the names of black cultural icons save the neighborhood: relating street names to property values and neighborhood racial composition change in Harlem, New York City
No full textGentrification-related concerns are prevalent across much of the US. In many metropolitan areas, housing unaffordability is high, and changes in neighborhood character associated with dispossession and cultural removal of communities of color are not uncommon. These conditions contribute to the need for expanded understanding of space-claiming and place-guarding strategies relevant to race and socioeconomic factors. Answering this call, this study uses street names to quantitatively describe the ways that racialized values and sentiments get absorbed into the housing market and shape neighborhood demographic composition. Using a hedonic pricing model – looking at the gentrifying neighborhood of Harlem in NYC between 2000 and 2020 – this work finds that properties situated on streets named after Black cultural icons experience 13.8 % lower sale prices than otherwise comparable properties on non-Black named streets. This suggests that naming streets after Black cultural icons may help dampen upward pressure on housing costs, contributing to affordability. Specific to demographic change, however, findings reveal that areas surrounding streets named after Black icons do not experience higher shares of Black population retention over time than do other parts of the neighborhood. This work is relevant to advocates and activities, planners and policymakers, interested in advancing housing justice
Can we estimate crisis death tolls by subtracting total population estimates? a critical review and appraisal
No full textBACKGROUND In the absence of high-quality data, the death tolls of epidemics, conflicts, and disasters are often estimated using ad hoc methods. One understudied class of methods, which we term the growth rate discontinuity method (GRDM), estimates death tolls by projecting pre-crisis and post-crisis total population estimates using crude growth rates and then subtracting the results. Despite, or perhaps due to, its simplicity, this method is the source of prominent death toll estimates for the Black Death, the 1918 influenza pandemic, the Great Chinese Famine, and the Rwandan genocide, among others. OBJECTIVE In this article, we review the influence and validity of GRDM and its applications. METHODS Using statistical simulation and comparison with better-validated demographic methods, we assess the accuracy, precision, and biases of this method for estimating mortality in absolute and relative terms. RESULTS We find that existing GRDM estimates often misestimate death tolls by large, unpredictable margins. Simulations suggest this is because GRDM requires precision in its inputs to an extent rarely possible in the contexts of interest. CONCLUSIONS If there is sufficient data to specify GRDM well, it is probably possible to also use a more reliable method; if there is not sufficient data, GRDM estimates are so sensitive to their assumptions that they cannot be considered informative
William A. Robson and the making of English administrative law
No full textThis article examines the role of William A. Robson (1895‐1980) in the making of English administrative law. Criticising English common lawyers who believed that the growing responsibility of officials in law‐making and dispute resolution was a symptom of ‘administrative lawlessness’ that was sapping the foundations of English liberties, Robson argued that lawyers must seek to understand forces giving rise to these practices and then work to ensure that this growing body of administrative law might function efficiently and equitably. Explaining the social philosophy that underpinned his legal method, the article reviews the remarkable range of Robson's work, indicates the breath of its ambition and assesses his achievements in shaping the legal foundations of the emerging welfare state. Only through this systematic appraisal of Robson's account of administrative law as the law of public administration, it is argued, can more recent developments in administrative practice and judicial review be set in an appropriate context
Aggregate distributional cost-effectiveness analysis of biologics for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis in Chile
No full textBackground and Objective Ankylosing spondylitis is a complex rheumatic disease, characterised by chronic and progressive inflammation of the spine, causing an important health and economic burden for the person with the condition. Evidence shows the unequal impact of the disease in different groups of people, with a higher burden for lower socioeconomic groups. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the use of biologics for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis on health inequities in Chile. Methods We conducted an aggregate distributional cost-effectiveness analysis. Data on health outcomes and costs were derived from a cost-effectiveness model of secukinumab, etanercept, certolizumab pegol, infliximab, adalimumab and golimumab versus treatment as usual for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis from the Chilean healthcare system perspective. Health gains and health opportunity costs were distributed across socioeconomic subgroups. Health and equity impacts, measured using the Atkinson index, were assessed on an equity-efficiency impact plane. Results All treatments had a positive impact on equity relative to treatment as usual. At an opportunity cost threshold of 1 Gross Domestic Product per capita/quality-adjusted life-year, secukinumab improved societal welfare irrespective of the Atkinson index value. When varying thresholds (2 and 3 Gross Domestic Product), all assessed technologies contributed to an increase in societal welfare, regardless of the Atkinson index. Conclusions Biologic treatment for ankylosing spondylitis, such as secukinumab, may reduce health inequity in the Chilean population. An aggregate distributional cost-effectiveness analysis framework is feasible to implement alongside a cost-effectiveness analysis in the context of the Chilean healthcare system to provide additional information of equity impacts for health technology assessment recommendations and policy making
Universal health coverage in fragile and conflict-affected States: insights from Somalia
No full textIntroduction: Achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3, which focuses on health, and more specifically SDG 3.8—universal health coverage (UHC)—by 2030 remains a critical objective for all nations. This paper presents an updated evaluation of Somalia’s progress toward UHC. Additionally, by identifying key barriers to achieving UHC in Somalia, this study offers insights that may be valuable for other conflict-affected and post-conflict countries striving to improve healthcare access and financial protection. Methodology: To assess Somalia’s progress at various levels, we developed a UHC index incorporating access to essential healthcare services and financial risk protection. Furthermore, we employed standard analytical methods, including equity analysis and logit modelling, to examine the key factors influencing both healthcare access and the financial burden associated with seeking medical care. Results: With an overall UHC index score of 33.5, Somalia ranks lowest among the countries previously analysed. While there is some regional variation in UHC scores, these differences are not as pronounced as the disparities in poverty rates, resulting in a weak correlation between regional socio-economic development (measured by poverty levels) and overall UHC performance. Equity analysis highlights that socio-economic status, educational attainment, and, to a lesser extent, healthcare infrastructure significantly contribute to disparities in access to essential health services, favouring wealthier populations. Additionally, financial risk protection analysis indicates that the most economically disadvantaged groups are at a higher risk of experiencing catastrophic healthcare expenditures. Implications: Given Somalia’s ongoing security challenges, achieving SDG 3.8 by 2030 remains a formidable task. However, targeted interventions that address key determinants—such as household income, education levels, and healthcare infrastructure—could help improve access to essential health services and reduce financial barriers to care
Trade ties and economic divides: trade and income inequality in the regions of Europe
No full textThis paper analyses how trade influences intra‐regional income inequality across Europe's NUTS‐2 regions. Drawing on newly compiled datasets capturing both inter‐regional trade and local‐level inequality for all EU member states plus the UK, we employ an econometric framework—complete with Instrumental Variable estimations and robust sensitivity analyses—to gauge the impact of trade on regional interpersonal inequality. In addition to examining aggregate trade, we distinguish between various trade channels, including exchanges within the EU versus those with the rest of the world, links to neighbouring regions versus non‐neighbours and domestic versus international flows. Our findings reveal that higher levels of trade are positively associated with changes in regional income inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient. Crucially, this link depends on trading partners: trade within a single country, within the EU and with non‐neighbouring regions correlates with rising inequality, whereas international trade, trade with non‐EU partners or trade with neighbouring regions shows no statistically significant effect. These conclusions withstand a battery of robustness checks, including new control variables and a population‐weighted approach, further underscoring the role that particular types of trade play in shaping regional income disparities
Interventions to improve awareness and reduce the stigma associated with neurodegenerative conditions in minority ethnic communities: a scoping review protocol
No full textObjective: This scoping review aims to identify interventions aiming to improve awareness of and reduce stigma related to neurodegenerative conditions within South Asian and Black (African-Caribbean, African, African American, Black British) communities with a focus on synthesising the methods employed for culturally tailoring interventions. Introduction: Minority ethnic communities affected by neurodegenerative conditions often face health and social care disparities. This can lead to delayed diagnosis and poor health outcomes. Interventions that provide relevant, accessible information about neurodegenerative conditions may help reduce disparities in care access. There is limited knowledge about the methods used to culturally tailor interventions for minority ethnic communities and their efficacy. Inclusion criteria: Eligible sources will include interventions specifically tailored for South Asian and Black communities, living with dementia, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, or motor neurone disease. Interventions must be conducted in countries that are member states of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development where these two groups constitute minority populations and are likely to face inequalities in care access. Methods: A scoping review guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Evidence Synthesis will be conducted. Searches of Medline (EBSCO), APA PsycInfo (EBSCO), and EMBASE (Elsevier) will be conducted. Study selection will be based on 100% agreement between two reviewers. Data will be extracted, charted, and summarised narratively followed by consultation with stakeholders. Implications: This review will identify culturally sensitive strategies for raising awareness and reducing the stigma associated with neurodegenerative conditions among South Asian and Black communities within the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. By utilising these inclusive approaches, communities may feel more empowered to seek a diagnosis for symptoms and live better with the condition. The findings of this review will be shared with the public and policymakers to promote awareness and evidence-based policy making
Economics in America: an immigrant economist explores the land of inequality, by Angus Deaton
No full textCan we systematically uncover activists’ recipes?
No full textTom Kirk sets out his plans for systematic comparative research on the recipes of tactics that activists use to create change across different contexts and overviews an innovative methodology that may help uncover them