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Patronage in Latin America democracies
No full textThis chapter presents an overview of the relations between politicization, political institutions, and patronage appointments in the central public administrations of Latin America. It adopts the definition of patronage advanced in the introductory chapters of this volume as the power of political actors to discretionally appoint trusted individuals to non-elective positions in the public sector (Kopeck, Scherlis, and Spirova 2008; Peters 2023). To map the varieties of patronage roles in the region, the chapter draws on the typology of patronage roles originally formulated by Panizza, Peters, and Ramos Larraburu (2022), modified by Peters (2023), and used as a template for the case studies in this book
Handbook on philanthropy and social policy
No full textThis comprehensive Handbook considers the emergence of philanthropic foundations and institutions as increasingly crucial social policy actors. It presents an interdisciplinary examination of modern philanthropies, tracing their development and impact across global regions, social policy sectors and policy making processes. Leading international scholars discuss the key concepts and debates surrounding social policy and philanthropy, exploring how substantial donations made by wealthy families, individuals, foundations and corporations (characterised as Big Philanthropy) have created a more complex form of social welfare. Chapters outline the work of philanthropic organisations across fields such as health, education, housing and climate change mitigation and across multilateral development forums. Specific attention is paid to the impact of philanthropy in the Global South through the analysis of detailed case studies, including the role of the Ford Foundation in China’s reform era and the influence of the Tata Group in India. Ultimately, the Handbook provides an innovative and critical perspective on the nature of philanthropic actors in different social policy arenas, their normative influence on policy processes and dynamics, and the restructuring of contemporary welfare states. Students and scholars of social policy, philanthropy and development studies will benefit greatly from this new Handbook. It is also an invaluable resource for policy makers and practitioners working with philanthropic organisations
Learning about the binding nature of the law: police violence, criminal offending and adolescent legal socialization
No full textLegal socialization—the process through which individuals develop an understanding of the law and its purpose—unfolds throughout the life course, but childhood and adolescence are particularly formative periods for shaping legal attitudes. This study examines adolescent legal socialization and assesses the extent to which exposure to different policing practices, including police officers assaulting members of the public, is associated with changes in beliefs about the legitimacy of the law and an increased propensity to criminally offend. We focus on adolescents aged 11 to 14 in São Paulo, Brazil, a city where authoritarian policing is well-documented. Drawing on data from the São Paulo Legal Socialization Study—a cohort-based, four-wave longitudinal survey of 800 adolescents fielded between 2016 and 2019—we estimate contemporaneous and cumulative effects of exposure to different policing practices on legal legitimacy beliefs and crime involvement during adolescence. We find a robust association between exposure to police violence and (a) weakened beliefs about the legitimacy of the law and (b) an increased propensity to engage in offending behavior over time. Results also suggest that decreased perceptions of legal legitimacy may mediate the effects of exposure to police violence on self-reported offending behavior. We conclude that secondary exposure to police brutality can undermine the development of legitimacy beliefs among adolescents undergoing legal socialization in a city where violent and aggressive policing strategies are common. As legitimacy beliefs erode, internal constraints against rule-breaking may loosen, increasing adolescents’ propensity to engage in criminal behavior
From discontent to disruption - the shifting geography of politics in Portugal
No full textIn March 2024, João Almeida and Andrés Rodríguez-Pose wrote that a transformation in the territorial dynamics of electoral politics in Portugal was underway. Revisiting their argument after the 2025 Portuguese election, they find that this shift is no longer embryonic and has crystallised into a systemic realignment
Introduction to ‘The Basic Law of Social Development’ by Julius Dickmann
No full textIn 1932, Julius Dickmann self-published a revision to the Marxist account of revolutionary historical change. Arguing that previous modes of production had not caused revolutions because of confrontations between expanding productive forces and fettering relations of production, Dickmann held that the contradiction in historical modes of production was between expanding productive forces and their natural limits. Modes of production faced ecological crises, necessitating changes in the relations of production that then spurred the productive forces. Dickmann argued that this model explained the emergence and decline of antiquity and feudalism. Analogously, capitalism was stagnating because it was running up against natural limits. Monopolisation was not a symptom of overripe capitalism heralding socialism in germ, but a necessary response to the danger of overexploiting fossil fuels. Only by working with an understanding of these fetters could socialists hope to stimulate new post-capitalist forces of production and accelerate the transition to socialism
Business cases: what are they, why do we use them and how should you go about doing a case analysis?
No full textIn this introductory capture we consider the history of case teaching in US business schools, the difference between the ‘Harvard’ and ‘Chicago’ approaches to management education, why at London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) we find merit in both approaches, how the application of theory helps to elucidate cases, and how cases provide a laboratory for exploring management decision-making. We go on to explain the Introduction–Facts–Theory–Analysis–Conclusion approach to writing a case analysis
Replication Data for: The political consequences of Africa's mobile revolution
No full textWhat are the political consequences of rising domestic connectivity? I study this question in Sub-Saharan Africa, asking how mobile technology shapes public opinion in geographically isolated communities. For remote rural populations, mobile devices increase contact with physically distant social networks, through regular phone calls with urban relatives. These interactions provide personalised information about the economic challenges of city life, which reduce rural trust in government. I offer continent-wide evidence of this effect, leveraging geocoded survey data and the expansion of mobile coverage across Africa in a difference-in-differences setting. I then use a household panel, an original survey, and focus group discussions from Ghana to shed light on mechanisms. The paper advances literature on social networks, migration, and technological change, painting a nuanced picture of Africa’s mobile revolution and its multifaceted political effects
Replication Package for: Sanctions and the Exchange Rate
No full textReplication Package for Itskhoki, Oleg and Dmitry Mukhin (2025): "Sanctions and the Exchange Rate," accepted for publication in the Review of Economic Studies.
This package describes the Data and provides the Code used in the paper, including to generate the figures
Weighted Federated Learning with encryption for diabetes classification
Get PDFThis study presents an innovative weighted Federated Learning (FL) framework with integrated encryption for diabetes classification across multiple healthcare institutions. Our comprehensive approach addresses three critical challenges in collaborative healthcare analytics: data privacy preservation, non-IID data distribution, and model performance optimization. The framework incorporates a weighted aggregation mechanism based on local data volumes to effectively handle client data imbalance, while implementing a lightweight masking-based encryption scheme to protect model parameters during transmission without compromising computational efficiency. We evaluate our approach using a comprehensive dataset of 15,347 entries from three internationally recognized medical organizations (ADCES, CDC, IDF) across five machine learning models: Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), three-layer Deep Neural Network (DNN), and deeper five-layer network (Deeper DNN). Experimental results demonstrate that weighted FL consistently equals or surpasses centralized learning performance while maintaining strict privacy compliance. Notable improvements include SVM AUC enhancement from 0.46 to 0.57 and RF AUC improvement from 0.70 to 0.76. The encryption mechanism introduces negligible overhead (0.0001s encryption, 0.0013s decryption per round) with minimal communication costs (0.16 KB per round). Our framework’s ability to securely handle non-IID healthcare datasets while providing interpretable results through SHAP analysis positions it as a practical solution for privacy-preserving collaborative diagnostics. This research represents a significant advancement toward scalable, privacy-conscious medical analytics that can be adopted across diverse healthcare institutions without compromising data sovereignty or diagnostic accuracy