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The promises and limits of transparency: anti-tax evasion and anti-money laundering efforts in financial centres
No full textConstruction and control of cartographic imaginaries: Kashmir and Taiwan
No full textCartographic representations of Kashmir and Taiwan act as sites upon which Indian and Chinese state power is exercised to govern the logics of visibility and legibility for these two regions. Despite the differences in regime type, these major non-Western powers represent Kashmir and Taiwan respectively as internal and integral parts of their sovereign territorial form. In this article, we consider two cases that have not hitherto been studied together in International Relations (IR), putting forward ‘cartographic imaginaries’ as a framework to reveal systematic analytical dynamics in relation to representation, nationalism, and diaspora. Cartographic imaginaries are sites of productive power that evoke certain emotions and carry a set of ideas relating to territory that can be naturalised through repeated exposure. We present in-depth investigations providing a range of examples to trace Indian and Chinese states’ efforts, both domestic and international, involved in constructing and controlling cartographic imaginaries of Kashmir and Taiwan. Our analysis relates to significant current concerns in IR about critiques of imperial cartography, impact of rising powers on global order dynamics, and transnational governance of diaspora. Our framework thus demonstrates the connexions between affect, visuality, and state power and offers empirical insights into non-Western projections of imperialism on a global scale
Minimal contagious sets: degree distributional bounds
No full textAgents in a network adopt an innovation if a certain fraction of their neighbors has already done so. We study the minimal contagious set size required for a successful innovation adoption by the entire population, and provide upper and lower bounds on it. Since detailed information about the network structure is often unavailable, we study bounds that depend only on the degree distribution of the network – a simple statistic of the network topology. Moreover, as our bounds are robust to small changes in the degree distribution, they also apply to large networks for which the degree distribution can only be approximated. Applying our bounds to growing networks shows that the minimal contagious set size is linear in the number of nodes. Consequently, for outside of knife-edge cases (such as the star-shaped network), contagion cannot be achieved without seeding a significant fraction of the population. This finding highlights the resilience of networks and demonstrates a high penetration cost in the corresponding markets
Inequality measurement for bounded variables
No full textMany health indicators are bounded, that is, their values lie between a lower and an upper bound. Inequality measurement with bounded variables faces two normative challenges well‐known in the health inequality literature. One is that inequality rankings may or may not be consistent across admissible attainment and shortfall representations of the variable. The other is that the set of maximum‐inequality distributions for bounded variables is different from the respective set for variables with no upper bound. Therefore, the ethical criteria for ranking maximum‐inequality distributions with unbounded variables may not be appropriate for bounded variables. In a novel proposal, we justify an axiom requiring maximum‐inequality distributions of bounded variables to be ranked equally, irrespective of their means. Then, our axiomatic characterization naturally leads to indices that measure inequality as an increasing function of the observed proportion of maximum attainable inequality for a given mean. Additionally, our inequality indices rank distributions consistently when switching between attainment and shortfall representations. In our empirical illustration with three health indicators, a starkly different picture of cross‐country inter‐temporal inequality emerges when traditional inequality indices give way to our proposed normalized inequality indices
Corporate rights and obligations - the perspective of real entity theory
No full textThis paper examines the theoretical basis for corporate legal rights and duties from a corporate law perspective. Three theoretical approaches are discussed: concession theory, nexus of contracts and agency theory and real entity theory. The paper argues that real entity theory offers the most suitable framework for analysing corporate legal rights and duties. It acknowledges organisations as separate from their participants, justifying the provision of independent rights and obligations through the corporate form
China inside out: explaining silver flows in the triangular trade, c.1820s-1870s
No full textThis paper analyses a new large dataset of silver prices, as well as silver and merchandise trade flows in and out of China in the crucial decades of the mid-nineteenth century when the Empire was opened to world trade. Silver flows were associated with the interaction between heterogeneous monetary preferences and availability of specific coins. Before the 1850s, money markets became increasingly efficient, as reliance on bills of exchange allowed exports to grow in times when sound money was in short supply. When a new standard for silver eventually emerged, there was a new peak in China's silver imports
Contesting regulatory capacity: exploring doctrines in the regulatory state
No full textThe contemporary literature on regulation and development has emphasised the importance of low discretion devices for achieving desired policy objectives. At the same time, there has been a growing recognition that state capacity in general, and regulatory capacity more specifically, are essential for achieving development goals in a world of uncertainty. However, as with most concepts in public administration, while everyone may agree on the significance of regulatory capacity, there is less agreement as to what regulatory capacity actually means. In this article, we explore different doctrines on ‘how to’ organise for regulatory capacity, pointing to the contemporary dominance of the ‘low discretion’ strain of doctrines. We also highlight the sources of policy disappointment and emerging calls for a more discretionary understanding of regulatory capacity. This argument is explored in the context of Brazil, a large emerging economy with a track record of regulatory reforms over the past decades
The decline of stock markets in the UK: is regulation to blame and deregulation a fix?
No full textA gloomy narrative has recently surrounded the London Stock Exchange (‘LSE') and London's standing as an international financial centre, driven by declining IPOs, fewer listed companies, and high-profile delistings, with firms preferring the US market. This has triggered a major UK regulatory overhaul, spanning listing rules, audit, corporate governance, and capital raising, as regulation was widely blamed for this status quo. This article examines UK market developments and the motivations behind the overhaul, finding little evidence of a funding gap for firms. Instead, reforms appear aimed at preserving London's global financial stature. It argues that regulation has become a convenient scapegoat but was neither the root cause of the LSE's challenges nor will deregulation resolve them. Two analyses support this view: a UK–US regulatory comparison, which weakens claims of UK overregulation, and an assessment of the market ecosystem, which suggests structural issues beyond regulation are hindering the LSE’s competitiveness
Deprivation and general practitioners' working lives: repeated cross-sectional study
No full textObjectivesTo examine how area deprivation affects the working lives of general practitioners (GPs).DesignWe analysed responses to four repeated cross-sectional surveys between 2015 and 2021. We used linear regression to relate the population deprivation ranking of the GP's practice to job pressures, job satisfaction, intentions to quit direct patient care and hours worked. We used interval regression to relate reported income from GP work to this same deprivation ranking. We adjusted for GP characteristics, including employment status, gender, age and years qualified.SettingPrimary medical care in England.ParticipantsGPs.Main outcome measuresFourteen reported job pressures, 10 domains of job satisfaction, intentions to quit direct patient care, reported income from GP work and hours worked per week.ResultsDeprivation ranking was significantly associated with higher pressures related to perceived problem patients (difference between lowest and highest deprivation = 0.258 on five-point scale, 95% CI: 0.165, 0.350), insufficient resources within the practice (0.229, 95% CI: 0.107, 0.351), and finding a locum (0.260, 95% CI: 0.130, 0.390). Deprivation ranking was also associated with significantly lower reported annual income (-£5,525, 95% CI: -£8,773, -£2,276). There were no statistically significant associations between deprivation ranking and the other outcome measures.ConclusionsPerceived problem patients, insufficient resources and finding temporary cover are key drivers of GP job pressures in practices serving more deprived populations. GPs in more deprived areas also report lower incomes. These factors should be the target of increased investment and policy interventions to improve recruitment and retention of GPs in these areas
To counter the Far Right, elite capture and welfare cuts we must reinvigorate class consciousness
No full textRather than “working people” (Labour) or “white working class” (Reform UK), Faiza Shaheen argues that we need a politics that serves the whole working class – as well as an increasing number of middle-class families currently failed by the system we have in Britain today