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“I am Chinese, not Chinese” some implications of an ambiguity and proposals for alternatives
No full textPrompted by the meme, “我是華人不是中國人,” and playing on its (machine-) translation into English as “I am Chinese, not Chinese,” this article explores how in English the word “Chinese” ambiguates what are two separately named concepts in Chinese: 華人 (Huaren, referring to Chinese ethnicity) and 中國人 (Zhongguoren, referring to Chinese citizenship). Within the prc Firewall, the official designation is: 華人也是中國人, translated as Chinese are also Chinese), which co-implicates the two terms, endowing them with a singular, fixed, and primordialist sense. Beyond the Firewall, there are suggestions that 華人and 中國人should be recognized as separable terms, with 華人as a hybrid, hyphenated, and localized notion, indicative of some changing senses of identity. A new English coinage, Huabrid (華裔 Huayi) may help to encapsulate multiple and hybrid senses of how 華裔/Huayi/Chinese/Huabrid can be thought of as separable from 中國人/Zhongguoren/Chinese
Economic burden of cardiovascular disease in the United Kingdom
No full textBackground and aims Direct (medical and non-medical) and indirect (production losses and informal care) costs of cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been captured in two previous United Kingdom (UK) cost-of-illness studies, but the areas of long-term care and medical device costs were neglected. We aimed to quantify the economic burden of CVD in the UK from a societal perspective between the fiscal years 2019/20 and 2021/22. Methods and results Mixed-methods study in a prevalence-based retrospective review of economic costs focused on the public sector. Top-down costing was applied to the following areas: inpatient hospital care, outpatient specialist care, emergency care, primary care, medications, medical devices, long-term care, production losses to morbidity, and production losses to mortality. Bottom-up costing was used by applying the marginal effects of having a CVD on several parameters using survey data from the Survey on Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe to estimate informal care costs. The modelling performed shows that the total costs of CVD in the UK in 2021/22 were £29.021 billion (bn), with direct costs of £16.620 bn and indirect costs of £12.402 bn. The breakdown of direct costs for the UK were inpatient care (£6.732 bn), long-term care (£4.649 bn), medications (£1.940 bn), primary care (£1.556 bn), outpatient care (£1.011 bn), emergency care [£327.6 million (mn)], and medical devices (£404.4 mn). The breakdown of indirect costs for the UK were informal care costs (£6.377 bn), production losses to mortality (£4.544 bn), and production losses to morbidity (£1.481 bn). Conclusion There is a significant economic burden of CVD in the UK, with the highest direct cost resulting from inpatient care and the highest indirect cost resulting from informal care
Singular stochastic control problems motivated by the optimal sustainable exploitation of an ecosystem
No full textWe derive the explicit solutions to singular stochastic control problems of the monotone follower type with (a) an expected discounted criterion, (b) an expected ergodic criterion, and (c) a pathwise ergodic criterion. These problems have been motivated by the optimal sustainable exploitation of an ecosystem, such as a natural fishery. Under general assumptions on the diffusion coefficients, the discounting rate function, the running payoff function, and the marginal profit of control action, we show that the optimal strategies are of a threshold type. We solve the three problems by first constructing suitable solutions to their associated HJB equations, which take the form of quasi-variational inequalities with gradient constraints. In the cases of the ergodic control problems, we also use a suitable new variational argument. Furthermore, we establish the convergence of the solution of the discounted control problem to the solution of the ergodic control problems as the discounting rate function tends to 0 in an Abelian sense
Filipinas ante Europa (The Philippines before Europe), 1899–1901: selections
No full textreproduced in translation from Spanish are a selection of articles, as well as a few poems, from the periodical Filipinas ante Europa (The Philippines before Europe), published out of Madrid between the years 1899 and 1901 by the Filipino revolutionary and political thinker Isabelo de los Reyes
Attention and political choice: a foundation for eye tracking in political science
No full textMost political science studies are, at root, about how people make decisions—how voters choose whether and for whom to vote, how prejudice influences political choices, and the effects of emotions and morals on political choice. However, what people are thinking during these decisions remains obscure; currently utilized methods leave us with a “black box” of decision making. Eye tracking offers a deeper insight into these processes by capturing respondents’ attention, salience, emotion, and understanding. But how applicable is this method to political science questions, and how does one go about using it? Here, we explain what eye tracking allows researchers to measure, how these measures are relevant to political science questions, and how political scientists without expertise in the method can nonetheless use it effectively. In particular, we clarify how researchers can understand the choices made in preset software in order to arrive at correct inferences from their data and discuss new developments in eye tracking methodology, including webcam eye tracking. We additionally provide templates for preregistering eye tracking studies in political science, as well as starter code for processing and analyzing eye tracking data
Methods
No full textThis entry introduces methods in International Relations (IR), generally considered a key dimension of social science research. It first defines what falls under the scope of ‘methods’ and the categories commonly used to organise this dimension of research: qualitative, quantitative, computational, participatory, research design and methodology. It then traces the historical development of methods in IR: from a descriptive field to the ‘classical’ versus ‘scientific’ approaches of the 1960s, to the positivist vs post-positivist debate of the 1990s, to the emergence of critical research methods since the 2000s. Third, it identifies two debates that currently structure the conversation about methods in IR. The conclusion sketches out three potential implications of and directions for the future of methods in IR: the relation between IR and other fields of study, quality and ethics of data and the adequacy to IR (or lack thereof) of methods imported from other disciplines
COVID-19, work from home and the organization of work time for men and women in the United States
No full textWe investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the organization of work time using 24-hour diary data from the American Time Use Survey. We document large increases in the incidence of work from home (WFH) following the COVID-19 outbreak, with prior selectivity into WFH disappearing. Both men and women working remotely tended to work less and experience more interruptions compared to in-office employees before the pandemic. Interestingly, the prevalence of remote work in various occupations seemed to reduce work interruptions and decrease the likelihood of non-standard work hours among men before the pandemic, pointing to its productivity-enhancing potential. However, remote workers in those environments continued to experience work interruptions and be more prone to labour during non-standard work schedules compared to their in-office counterparts. Nevertheless, the role of remote work in these occupations largely disappeared during the pandemic as remote work became a more standard arrangement
Media freedom and the law: the regulation of a common European idea, by Andras Koltay, Abingdon, Routledge, 2025, 314pp., £145 (hbk)/£35.99 (e-book), 9781003321569
No full textMixed race thought: making and unmaking (mixed) race
No full textAcross the globe, racial and ethnic categories continue to play a central role in the regulation and organisation of social and political life. Mixed-race in all its forms requires us to move beyond categorical thinking and question epistemological and methodological singularities. Andrew Sanchez’s development of ‘mixed race thought’ (MRT) suggests a pluralist theory and methodology with radical potential. The papers here take a critical approach to untangling the complex, sometimes contradictory, always shifting temporal geo-political foundations of ‘mixed race’ and the diverse ways they manifest in practice. Using queer of colour, feminist, de- and postcolonial thinking I argue that we cannot disregard the gendered, sexualised dynamics of race-making and its impact on contemporary boundary making and identities. I draw on three interrelated themes: embodiment, experience and dis/identification and their co-constitution to argue that understanding processes of identification provide a lens for dismantling racism