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Submission to the UK Government consultation 'Climate-related transition plan requirements'
Get PDFThis report consists of a submission made by CETEx, the TPI Global Climate Transition Centre and the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment in response to the open consultation by the UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero seeking views on implementation routes for transition plan requirements. Details on the consultation, ‘Climate-related transition plan requirements’, are available here
La urbanización informal: dinámicas entre traficantes de tierras y la alcaldía de un municipio de la periferia urbana de Lima, Perú
Get PDFLa urbanización informal es un fenómeno heterogéneo. Por un lado, existen barrios informales que han logrado la implementación de servicios básicos e infraestructura a niveles acelerados, mientras que otras se encuentran al margen de los servicios estatales básicos. El presente estudio argumenta que el distinto nivel de urbanización informal se debe al tipo de traficante de tierras que dirige el barrio informal y la relación de intercambio de recursos materiales y políticos que establece con la alcaldía municipal. Así, un traficante político logra establecer una relación de intercambio de recursos con el alcalde municipal, mientras que un traficante económico no genera las condiciones para dicho intercambio. Para ello, se realizó un estudio comparado de dos barrios urbanos informales del distrito de Ate de la ciudad de Lima, Perú, los cuales comparten características geográficas y políticas comunes, pero que han desarrollado un distinto nivel de urbanización informal debido a la presencia de un distinto tipo de traficante de tierras. El estudio enfatiza que los procesos de urbanización informal no solo se explican por un tema de capacidades estatales o clientelismo generadas por las élites políticas, sino también por el rol de actores informales e ilegales provenientes de la sociedad civil
Seven lessons for India's climate finance taxonomy: response to the Department of Economics Affairs' public consultation on the draft framework for India’s Climate Finance Taxonomy
Get PDFIn May 2025, the Department of Economic Affairs (DEA) within India’s Ministry of Finance released a first draft framework of India’s Climate Finance Taxonomy for public consultation. The taxonomy aims to facilitate around US$250 billion per year (Ministry of Finance, 2025) of finance towards climate-friendly technologies and activities and thereby enable India to achieve its interim 2030 and long-term 2070 net zero targets. The draft framework already integrates many positive and encouraging priorities that will ensure that the development of the Climate Finance Taxonomy follows international best practice: • First, the draft taxonomy embraces science-based metrics and internationallybenchmarked technical screening criteria (TSCs). By ensuring credibility, the taxonomy is interoperable with international frameworks such as the EU taxonomy and the EU-China Common Ground Taxonomy (CGT), thereby facilitating the flow of cross-border capital towards climate change mitigation and adaptation investments in India. • Second, it acknowledges that the taxonomy will be designed as a living document, ensuring that it is continuously and regularly updated to reflect technological progress, market developments, and evolving climate science. The tiered structure allows flexibility around the decarbonisation challenges of hard-to-abate sectors (so-called ‘transition finance’). • Third, the draft framework pledges to adopt evidence-based threshold setting, which is crucial for ensuring that the taxonomy contributes towards the 1.5°C target. India will thereby join the likes of Chile, Brazil and Australia in setting TSCs based on scientific evidence or quantitative criteria based on Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) or the scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (Climate Bonds Initiative, 2021; Secretaria de Política Econômica, 2023). • Fourth, where quantitative criteria are unavailable or where decarbonisation technologies in hard-to-abate sectors are still nascent, it is encouraging that the Ministry of Finance has followed the path set by ASEAN or Brazil’s taxonomies and proposed the integration of qualitative benchmarks such as process-based steps and other hybrid approaches (ASEAN Taxonomy Board, 2024). Best-in-class performance can also underpin the TSCs, for instance by setting emission thresholds in relative terms. • Fifth, as described above, the Draft Framework embeds the Do No Significant Harm (DNSH) principle, which explicitly includes social considerations as part of the minimum safeguards that ensure that people are not left behind in the net zero transition. Like other taxonomies, such as the ASEAN taxonomy’s Social Aspects (SAs), these safeguards can be aligned with international labour and human rights frameworks such as the Core Conventions of the International Labour Organization (ILO) or the United Nations’ Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) to ensure that climate-friendly investments do not come at the cost of workers’ rights, indigenous communities or other social considerations. Building on this positive momentum, this report aims to inform and guide the DEA’s further development of the Climate Finance Taxonomy by highlighting international best practice. (A version of the report was submitted to the DEA’s Public Consultation on the Draft Framework for India’s Climate Finance Taxonomy in July 2025.) Taking these lessons into consideration can help India to avoid common mistakes, support the DEA in deciding what to include and exclude in the taxonomy, and ultimately smooth the transition towards a low-carbon and climate-resilient economy and financial system. The inclusion of real-world examples strengthens the lessons, helps make them more practical, and facilitates peer-learning
The promise of legality: critical reflection on the work of TRS Allan edited by Geneviève Cartier and Mark D. Walters, Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2025
No full textProtecting communitarian interests and promoting equal citizenship: a paradoxical commitment of the Indian State with respect to education in government-aided minority schools
No full textIndian society and its Constitution have long been celebrated for their secular characteristics and for the constitutional safeguards the latter accorded to the nation’s religious and linguistic minorities. Provisions such as Article 30 of the Constitution, which guarantees minorities the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice and which also guarantees state aid without discrimination, have been hailed as instituting a regime of cultural rights that take cognizance of claims of groups rather than merely of individuals. 1 While secularism and protection of minority rights are enshrined in the Indian Constitution, there has been considerable amount of litigation in discerning and delineating the contours of these Constitutional values. Further, the tension between the universal right of freedom of all religions to practice their faith and the right to education for all children has been tested time and again in the courts
The relationship between healthcare provider ownership and performance in high-income countries: an umbrella review
Get PDFThe role of healthcare provider ownership in shaping health system performance remains contested. An umbrella review was conducted to synthesise evidence on the relationship between healthcare provider ownership and performance in high-income countries. Systematic reviews were included that examined performance of healthcare providers based on ownership status. Searches yielded 1,862 results, with 31 systematic reviews meeting the inclusion criteria, and one further systematic review identified through grey literature searches. Following the exclusion of 10 reviews classified as low-quality and two previous umbrella reviews both published in 2014, 20 reviews were eligible for data extraction and synthesis. Inconsistent evidence was found across reviews between healthcare provider ownership and several performance indicators including health outcomes, technical efficiency, and patient satisfaction. Private hospitals tend to serve wealthier patients, select less complex or costly patients, and charge higher payments for care than public comparators. Private for-profit (FP) providers of hospital and long-term care generally had poorer workforce outcomes than private not-for-profit or public providers, including reduced staffing levels, higher workloads, and lower job satisfaction. Private PF hospitals and nursing homes had improved financial performance based on revenues or profit margins. Our findings underscore the need for nuanced regulatory responses to the expansion of private FP provision within publicly funded systems
Team hierarchical adaptability: benefits for team coordination and performance
Get PDFWe introduce the concept of hierarchical adaptability, which we define as a team’s relative capability to repeatedly and bidirectionally shift between different shapes of its influence hierarchy (i.e., more hierarchical or flatter) across tasks, while the team’s formal hierarchy remains constant. We provide a first investigation of the effects of team hierarchical adaptability, proposing that team hierarchical adaptability enables teams to achieve better coordination and team performance outcomes as they move across different tasks, compared to consistently hierarchical or flat teams. Five multimethod studies, including field data of intact teams and a laboratory experiment of interacting teams, provide support for our hypotheses
HTA225 LLM engineering in HEOR: approaches to improving accuracy in clinical data extraction
No full textObjectives Advances in LLMs have offered new opportunities for data synthesis in health economics. However, LLM accuracy is limited by complexity of documents and understanding of clinical context. This research aims to assess the extent to which varying LLM engineering techniques lead to improved accuracy in data extraction of clinical data. Methods Official websites from HAS, G-BA, NICE, and PBAC were screened for HTA reports in the past 5 years assessing drugs used for solid tumours (n=471). A series of LLM structured extractions were run to evaluate performance at extracting data on indirect treatment comparisons. Variables included ITC inclusion, adjustment, anchoring, matching, and overall sentiment. Gemini-2.0-Flash was used a baseline, and all results were compared against a reference data set. The methods were: adding a system prompt, advanced prompt engineering, additional HEOR context to the prompt (RAG), Gemini-2.5-flash, Gemini-2.5-Pro, different temperature values, LLM-as-a-judge, and finally, taking the mode of multiple high temperature results. Results The baseline approach produced an average accuracy of 0.755 across the labels, this was using no system prompt, and all other default settings, with a minimal context prompt: "Extract the defined information about indirect treatment comparisons from the following report: ". The highest average accuracy was achieved by the addition of HEOR publications surrounding the use of ITCs in HTA into the prompt as context (0.809). The worst result was from the attempt to improve the baseline prompt, which dipped accuracy to 0.648. Gemini-2.5-Pro had an average accuracy of 0.788. Conclusions Results support using smaller models such as Gemini-2.0-Flash with additional context surrounding the task and HEOR. Overall accuracy across models remains moderate at best highlighting the continued importance of a Human-in-the-loop for LLM tasks. Small changes to prompts or additional task specific detail seems to reduce the quality of the output and may add little value
HTA27 Advocating from the margins: how patient input aligns with broader evidence tolerance in HTA within oncology
No full textObjectives HTA bodies vary in how they integrate patient perspectives. NICE (England), PBAC (Australia), and HAS (France) maintain defined channels for patient input, while Germany’s G-BA limits patients to non-voting observer roles. This study aims to assess and quantify the influence of patient input on recommendations for breast cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer across these four jurisdictions. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of 162 appraisals (2020-2024). Key variables and analyses focused on: (1) characterising the presence and type of patient input; (2) examining the association between patient input and favourable outcomes; and (3) assessing the influence of patient input on the acceptance of key endpoints. Statistical associations were evaluated using chi-squared tests, Fisher’s exact tests, and effect size measured by Cramér’s V. Results Patient input was reported in 96% of PBAC (43/45), 70% of NICE (30/43), and 44% of HAS (18/41) appraisals. Most input came from patient organisations (69%), followed by patient experts (31%) and individuals (26%). Across all agencies, the presence of patient input was not significantly associated with a positive recommendation (p > 0.60). However, patient input was significantly more common in appraisals using surrogate endpoints—especially in NICE (27/30) and PBAC (37/43), with a strong association overall (p<0.001; V = 0.37, medium-to-large effect), and only a suggestive trend for HAS. Notably, no patient input was considered in submissions where clinical endpoints were the primary outcomes in NICE (9/13), HAS (6/19), or PBAC (0/2). Conclusions Agencies diverge considerably in how they incorporate and weigh patient input, with significant variability in both frequency and influence. While patient contributions are more commonly present in appraisals using surrogate endpoints, their overall impact on recommendations appears to be limited. These findings suggest that although patient voices are increasingly acknowledged, their practical influence on decision-making remains muted and inconsistent across jurisdictions
Risks of large language models misalignment: multi-stakeholder obligations and governance
No full textRisks understanding and governance of large language models (LLMs) are critical to their development, and this study provides a systematic overview of LLMs risks in terms of two dimensions: risk scope and risk severity. The results show that these risks stem from eight areas and include 23 types. Further, this paper proposes a model of antecedents, objectives and dimensions of LLMs regulation based on the multi-stakeholder theory, and systematically review the current literature related to the risk governance theory of AI systems and LLMs, distill six major themes, and analyze the representative literature in each direction. This study presents for the first time a framework for evolving theoretical perspectives on LLMs risk governance research. In terms of theory, the current theoretical evolution path of AI system and large language models risk governance is systematically sorted out. In terms of practice, a framework of regulatory mechanisms and practice methods for risk governance of large language models is proposed. This work is valuable for theoretical and practical research on risks governance in LLMs