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Scene-selectivity in CA1/subicular complex:Multivoxel pattern analysis at 7T
Get PDFPrior univariate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in humans suggest that the anteromedial subicular complex of the hippocampus is a hub for scene-based cognition. However, it is possible that univariate approaches were not sufficiently sensitive to detect scene-related activity in other subfields that have been implicated in spatial processing (e.g., CA1). Further, as connectivity-based functional gradients in the hippocampus do not respect classical subfield boundary definitions, category sensitivity may be distributed across anatomical subfields. Region-of-interest approaches, therefore, may limit our ability to observe category selectivity across discrete subfield boundaries. To address these issues, we applied searchlight multivariate pattern analysis to 7T fMRI data of healthy adults who undertook a simultaneous visual odd-one-out discrimination task for scene and non-scene (including face) visual stimuli, hypothesising that scene classification would be possible in multiple hippocampal regions within, but not constrained to, anteromedial subicular complex and CA1. Indeed, we found that the scene-selective searchlight map overlapped not only with anteromedial subicular complex (distal subiculum, pre/para subiculum), but also inferior CA1, alongside retrosplenial and parahippocampal cortices. Probabilistic overlap maps revealed gradients of scene category selectivity, with the strongest overlap located in the medial hippocampus, converging with searchlight findings. This was contrasted with gradients of face category selectivity, which had stronger overlap in more lateral hippocampus, supporting ideas of parallel processing streams for these two categories. Our work helps to map the scene, in contrast to, face processing networks within, and connected to, the human hippocampus
Materializing design fictions for metaverse services
Get PDFAs the state-of-the-art stands, our knowledge of designing Metaverse platforms is limited. In this paper we propose that design fictions are the first form of prototyping and explore how ‘materializing’ a design fiction can help cement or refute assumptions that drive the development of a software-based system toward a first Minimum Viable Product. Our context is a platform for trading music memorabilia in the Metaverse, integrating content sitting across archives, record labels, publishers, and private collections in an immersive and accessible manner. The design fiction provided both a means of exploring the businessassumptions of our industry partner and co-creating an experience of value to its intended audience. As key outcomes, the approach was of value in shapingbusiness assumptions, developing an enhanced understanding of the audience and allowing them to cocreate, shaping technology needs and identifying partners necessary for the development
Not recognizing the political:analysing Franco’s long dictatorship through a genealogy of its prisoners
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Impact of healthcare-associated infections within 7-days of acute stroke on health outcomes and risk of care-dependency:a multi-centre registry-based cohort study
Get PDFHealthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) in patients admitted with acute conditions remain a major challenge to healthcare services. Here, we assessed the impact of HCAIs acquired within 7-days of acute stroke on indicators of care-quality outcomes and dependency. Data were prospectively collected (2014–2016) from the Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme for 3309 patients (mean age = 76.2 yr, SD = 13.5) admitted to four UK hyperacute stroke units (HASU). Associations between variables were assessed by multivariable logistic regression (odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals), adjusted for age, sex, co-morbidities, pre-stroke disability, swallow screening, stroke type and severity. Within 7-days of admission, urinary tract infection (UTI) and pneumonia occurred in 7.6% and 11.3% of patients. Female (UTI only), older age, underlying hypertension, atrial fibrillation, previous stroke, pre-stroke disability, intracranial haemorrhage, severe stroke, and delay in swallow screening (pneumonia only) were independent risk factors of UTI and pneumonia. Compared to patients without UTI or pneumonia, those with either or both of these HCAIs were more likely to have prolonged stay (> 14-days) on HASU: 5.1 (3.8–6.8); high risk of malnutrition: 3.6 (2.9–4.5); palliative care: 4.5 (3.4–6.1); in-hospital mortality: 4.8 (3.8–6.2); disability at discharge: 7.5 (5.9–9.7); activity of daily living support: 1.6 (1.2–2.2); and discharge to care-home: 2.3 (1.6–3.3). In conclusion, HCAIs acquired within 7-days of an acute stroke led to prolonged hospitalisation, adverse health consequences and risk of care-dependency. These findings provide valuable information for timely intervention to reduce HCAIs, and minimising subsequent adverse outcomes
Paranoia in Social Contexts: An Investigation Using Virtual Reality, Eye-tracking, and Mindfulness Training
Get PDFParanoia, the belief that others intend to cause harm, is a common and distressing experience in the general population, consistent with continuum models of mental health. This PhD thesis examined the experience and measurement of paranoia in the nonclinical population across two social contexts. Study One explored the prevalence and experience of workplace paranoia through the development of two novel measures: the Personal Experiences of Paranoia Scale in the Workplace and the Paranoia at Work Scale. Overall, the results suggested that, at least within the convenience sample used, workplace paranoia is prevalent and may have serious implications for both individual wellbeing and the overall workplace environment. Study Two employed the novel integration of eye-tracking within virtual reality (VR) to explore potential behavioural indices of paranoia. It specifically assessed the associations between self-reported paranoia, gaze allocation, and interpersonal distance to human-like avatars in neutral (part one) and moderately threat-inducing (part two) VR bar environments. The findings indicated that, while the eye-tracking indices were not associated with self-reported paranoia, larger minimum interpersonal distances were correlated with increased state paranoia. Behavioural indices in VR have the potential to contribute to objective assessments of paranoia; however, further refinement and investigation are required. Study Three employed a randomised controlled trial to assess whether a two-week online mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) could reduce self-reported paranoia compared to a waitlist control (WLC). It also examined changes in behavioural indices from Study Two following the MBI and explored mindfulness and positive affect as potential therapeutic mechanisms. Overall, the MBI was found to reduce state paranoia compared to the WLC from pre- to post-intervention and at one-month follow-up. Trait mindfulness and affect did not act as mechanisms of change, and changes in behavioural indices were attributed to time rather than the intervention
Social norms on unethical behaviors in the workplace:a lab experiment
Get PDFWe analyze social norms on unethical behaviors in the workplace using a laboratory experiment. We conducted a norm-elicitation experiment in which we considered two unethical actions as observed in an earlier behavior experiment by Amore et al. (J Bus Ethics 183:495–510, 2023): leaders’ and workers’ untruthful reporting, and workers’ misalignment with their leader’s truthful reporting. We presented participants with Amore et al.’s (2023) background: in experimental firms (1 leader and 3 workers), each member can report their performance via automatic or self-reporting, where the latter allows for profitable and undetectable earnings manipulation. Using the Krupka–Weber procedure, we asked participants to assess the social appropriateness of the reporting decisions that the subjects in Amore et al. (2023) could have taken. We find prevailing norms against self-reporting for artificial profit inflation, and workers’ self-reporting when the leader used automatic reporting. Yet, despite these norms, many subjects in the previous experiment engaged in such unethical misreporting for personal gain. These findings reveal a disconnection between the prevailing social norms and the observed unethical behaviors
International consensus statement on the design, delivery and evaluation of sport-based interventions aimed at promoting social, psychological and physical well-being in prison
Get PDFObjective To develop an international consensus statement to advise on designing, delivering and evaluating sport-based interventions (SBIs) aimed at promoting social, psychological and physical well-being in prison.Design Modified Delphi using two rounds of survey questionnaires and two consensus workshops.Participants A multidisciplinary panel of more than 40 experts from 15 international jurisdictions was formed, including representation from the following groups and stakeholders: professionals working in the justice system; officials from sport federations and organisations; academics with research experience of prisons, secure forensic mental health settings and SBIs; and policy-makers in criminal justice and sport.Results A core research team and advisory board developed the initial rationale, statement and survey. This survey produced qualitative data which was analysed thematically. The findings were presented at an in-person workshop. Panellists discussed the findings, and, using a modified nominal group technique, reached a consensus on objectives to be included in a revised statement. The core research team and advisory board revised the statement and recirculated it with a second survey. Findings from the second survey were discussed at a second, virtual, workshop. The core research team and advisory board further revised the consensus statement and recirculated it asking panellists for further comments. This iterative process resulted in seven final statement items; all participants have confirmed that they agreed with the content, objectives and recommendations of the final statement.Conclusions The statement can be used to assist those that design, deliver and evaluate SBIs by providing guidance on: (1) minimum levels of competence for those designing and delivering SBIs; (2) the design and delivery of inclusive programmes prioritising disadvantaged groups; and (3) evaluation measures which are carefully calibrated both to capture proposed programme outcomes and to advance an understanding of the systems, processes and experiences of sport engagement in prison
Are Exams Authentic Assessment? The Case of Economics
Get PDFExams have traditionally dominated assessment in higher education. Yet, we still do not know if they are authentic assessment, especially in an environment of rapid demographic changes within higher education and evolving perceptions of authenticity. This work offers a method to measure exam authenticity, defined as the overlap between exams and workplace assignments. To measure the overlap, workplace assignments and exams are mapped into a time-type space. The mapping creates a quantitative measure of exam authenticity. The results show that exams produce vital graduate job market skills. Therefore, they are authentic assessment and a necessary component of the post-pandemic assessment mix. The new authenticity measure is scalable and generalizable across fields and could inform policies and practices, such as subject benchmarking and student recruitment. The paper closes with a simple replication guide
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