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Handling Grammar Cycles in the 1997 SML Definition
Get PDFFully general parsers permit the syntax specification of formallanguages to be unrestricted, allowing language designersto use a syntax specification that supports semanticsspecification, but also permitting ambiguity. Language workbenchesthat support fully general grammars need toolswhich can generate robust default behaviour but also allowexperienced designers to specify particular choices when ambiguityis encountered. The standard longest match approachto ambiguity resolution is not robust when a grammar containscycles. Although cycles can be removed from a grammar,this disrupts the syntax specification. We present analgorithm that safely removes cycles from the shared packedparse forests generated by general parsers and explore theapplication of the algorithm to the 1997 SML Definition. Thealgorithm results in a sub-forest to which further designerspecifiedor default disambiguation rules can be applied
Sacred Texts and Profane Realities:Islamic Criminal Laws (Ḥudūd) and Children’s Rights in Pakistan
Get PDFThis article examines the impact of Islamic criminal laws (ḥudūd), particularly the Zina Ordinance, on children’s rights in Pakistan. By analyzing the judgments of the Federal Shariat Court (FSC) and the Shariat Appellate Bench (SAB) of the Supreme Court, the study identified three key trends in case law. First, ambiguity in defining adulthood—whether based on statutory age limits or biological puberty—has resulted in inconsistent judicial decisions. Second, the judicial approach on minors’ consent in sexual offenses evolved over time, shifting from accepting consent to rejecting it, aligning with the principle of statutory rape. Third, while leniency in sentencing underage offenders reflects an emphasis on rehabilitation, it raises questions about deterrence and consistency. The findings of this research underscore the critical role of procedural laws and legal certainty in safeguarding children’s rights within a mixed legal framework of Islamic laws and common law tradition
Smartphone-Free Childhood? Monitoring the Implications of Initiatives to Remove Smartphones on Children Living with Type 1 Diabetes
Get PDFA Retreat from Global Solidarity:The Consequences of International Aid Cuts
Get PDFAs the US, UK and other countries slash development aid, Melita Lazell and Ivica Petrikova warn of the devastating consequences for global health, security, and diplomacy – and argue that the retreat from solidarity is a perilous gamble for us all
A cold but stable 4,200 yr event in Britain and the northeastern Atlantic region
Get PDFThe existence of an abrupt cold event in the British Isles at ca 4200 years before AD1950 (cal. yr BP) is investigated through analysis of the oxygen and carbon isotope value (δ18O and δ13C) of annually laminated, seasonally precipitated lake carbonates from the lake of Diss Mere in eastern England. Modern rainfall and lake water isotope data indicate that evaporation is a major control on the isotope value of modern lake waters, consistent with Diss Mere's current status as a small (0.0034 km2) and shallow (<6m), closed lake system. However, both the characteristics of isotope data from the interval 4700 to 3700 cal yr BP and the greater depth of the lake basin at that time (>15m water) indicates that whilst evaporation still operated, major shifts in δ18O values most likely reflect shifts in patterns of atmospheric circulation (primarily through air mass trajectory, air temperature and precipitation amount). A centennial-scale interval of persistently low δ18O values occurred between ca 4320 and 4210 cal yr BP and is interpreted as a cold event with changes in the elemental composition of the sediments supporting this interpretation. Correlation of this record with other sequences from the North Atlantic and western Europe, either through comparison of independent chronologies or age markers such as the Hekla 4 tephra, indicates that this event was well expressed across this region and was characterised by changes in temperature, storminess and ocean/atmospheric circulation. It is argued that increasing evidence exists for an abrupt event in this region at ca 4200 cal yr BP, but it is the high-resolution nature of the Diss Mere sequence and the regionally extensive tephras that this record contains that allows the timing and character of this event to be understood
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