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Subsets of free groups with distinct differences
Full text linkLet F_n be a free group of rank n, with free generating set X. A subset D of F_n is a Distinct Difference Configuration if the differences g^{-1}h are distinct, where g and h range over all (ordered) pairs of distinct elements of D. The subset D has diameter at most d if these differences all have word length at most d. When n is fixed and d is large, the paper shows that the largest distinct difference configuration in F_n of diameter at most d has size approximately (2n-1)^{d/3}.<br/
A Quantum of Learning: Using Quaternion Algebra to Model Learning on Quantum Devices
Full text linkThis article considers the problem of designing adaption and optimisation techniques for training quantum learning machines. To this end, the division algebra of quaternions is used to derive an effective model for representing computation and measurement operations on qubits. In turn, the derived model, serves as the foundation for formulating an adaptive learning problem on principal quantum learning units, thereby establishing quantum information processing units akin to that of neurons in classical approaches. Then, leveraging the modern HR-calculus, a comprehensive training framework for learning on quantum machines is developed. The quaternion-valued model accommodates mathematical tractability and establishment of performance criteria, such as convergence conditions
The Value of Statelessness Legal Protection when Representing Stateless Persons Seeking Sanctuary in the UK
Full text linkNationality is a major component of refugee status. All other elements of the refugee definition have no traction if nationality is not first identified - or found to be inexistent. Identifying (the lack of) nationality also impacts refugee statusdetermination (RSD). Hitherto, statelessness can be difficult to prove - especially in cases where the applicant has lost their identity documentation, or has had it stolen or destroyed during displacement. Although not all refugees are stateless and not all stateless people are refugees, there is a significant overlap between these two categories. Indeed, statelessness can be both a cause and a result of forced displacement. Therefore, the determination of statelessness plays an important role in the success - or failure - of securing refugee status. Moreover, in cases where refugee status is difficult to prove, securing protection under the 1954 Statelessness Convention emerges as a valuable alternative. The present article explores the importance of identifying and proving statelessness for asylum-seekers. Ultimately, it argues for a reconsideration of how statelessness and its potential recognition protect people seeking sanctuary. In cases where refugee status is difficult or impossible to establish, practitioners should make use of the statelessness procedure
Barriers and Facilitators to HIV Self-Testing for Black African Heterosexuals in the UK
Full text linkThis thesis begins with a conceptual review of psychological theories relevant to HIV testing behaviours, followed by an empirical study focusing on HIV self-testing (HIVST). HIV testing is central to early diagnosis, treatment, and the prevention of onward transmission. Despite the importance of testing for initiating the HIV continuum of care, individuals delay or avoid HIV testing due to a combination of emotional, psychological and structural factors. The conceptual review evaluated key psychological theories and models applied to HIV testing behaviours, including cognitive models such as the Health Belief Model (HBM) and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation, which highlights the role of emotions, such as anxiety and fear, stigma models such as Goffman’s Theory of Stigma, Earnshaw and Chaudoir’s HIV Stigma Model and Hatzenbuehler’s Psychological Mediation Framework (PMF). The Ecological Model was also applied to understand the broader societal and institutional influences on HIV testing. The review concluded that multi-level approaches, including cognitive, emotional, and structural factors, are needed to understand HIV testing. Building on this, the empirical study used a constructivist grounded theory–informed methodology to explore experiences and perceptions of HIVST among eight Black African heterosexual adults in the UK (five women and three men, aged 20–51). Black Africans in the UK are disproportionately affected by HIV, with higher rates of both new diagnoses and late diagnoses compared to other groups. Despite increasing availability of HIVST and home-based testing methods, there is limited understanding of how Black African heterosexual adults in the UK perceive, engage and experience HIVST. The analysis generated eleven theoretical codes, grouped into four interconnected conceptual categories: (1) Structural and External Influences, (2) Cultural Morality and Stigma, (3) Relational and Social Influence, and (4) Emotional Readiness and Internal Conflict. The resulting theoretical model conceptualises HIVST as a social and emotional process which is shaped by multiple layers of direct and indirect interacting influences, including access, knowledge, moral and anticipated stigma and emotional readiness. The findings highlight the need to integrate emotional and social support into HIVST delivery, supported with clear information, culturally relevant resources, as well as accessible testing services, including clinic testing
LLMPathy:A Multi-Agent LLM Approach for Eliciting Inclusive Security Requirements
Full text linkWith a surge in cyber attacks targeted towards exploiting the human element of cybersecurity, it is vital to account for the diverse abilities and limitations of users. These limitations, whether temporary or permanent, physical or cognitive, acquired or congenital, vary in severity and deeply influence security related behaviour of users and give rise to a critical question: Should cognitively impaired users be held accountable if their actions result in a security breach? This paper presents a five-step approach that uses multi-agent large language models (LLMs) to identify inclusivity concerns and refine security requirements accordingly. The proposed approach (LLMPathy) is validated through a realistic use case, demonstrating its usability, effectiveness, and potential for adoption in real-world scenarios
LLMPathy:A Multi-Agent LLM Approach for Eliciting Inclusive Security Requirements
Full text linkWith a surge in cyber attacks targeted towards exploiting the human element of cybersecurity, it is vital to account for the diverse abilities and limitations of users. These limitations, whether temporary or permanent, physical or cognitive, acquired or congenital, vary in severity and deeply influence security related behaviour of users and give rise to a critical question: Should cognitively impaired users be held accountable if their actions result in a security breach? This paper presents a five-step approach that uses multi-agent large language models (LLMs) to identify inclusivity concerns and refine security requirements accordingly. The proposed approach (LLMPathy) is validated through a realistic use case, demonstrating its usability, effectiveness, and potential for adoption in real-world scenarios
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