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Supplementary information files for "Intersectional inequality in general and central obesity: cross-sectional UK Biobank study"
No full textSupplementary files for article "Intersectional inequality in general and central obesity: cross-sectional UK Biobank study"BackgroundPeople exist at a combination of different individual and neighbourhood deprivations. Each of these combinations may have a unique impact on health. However, little is known about the intersectional inequality of these combinations on general and central obesity, including when considering their demographics. This study aims to answer these questions.MethodsThe sample comprised 452,339 participants from the UK Biobank study. Individuals were grouped into 320 intersectional strata according to their household income, neighbourhood deprivation, sex, ethnicity and age. Linear and logistic multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy was used to establish the total, additive and interactive inequality of body mass index (BMI), fat mass index (FMI), and waist to height ratio (WHtR), as well as the associated obesity classifications.Results6.5%, 25.2% and 9.1% of the total variation in BMI, FMI and WHtR, respectively, was due to inequality between the strata. Of this, 26.5%, 3.5% and 22.0% is interactive. 79, 58 and 93 strata for BMI, FMI and WHtR demonstrate a significant interactive effect. We found some patterns; for example, affluent white women have an advantaged interactive effect, whilst deprived black women have a disadvantaged effect. Meanwhile men experience the inverse relationship. The relationship between individual and neighbourhood deprivation is not universally experienced by all strata. For example, black men living in areas of high deprivation have higher BMIs as their household income increases.ConclusionsA large proportion of variation in general and central obesity is due to intersectional inequality, with up to 26.5% being interactive. It is important that these intersectional effects are considered when designing policy interventions to avoid policy failure, such as by focussing on groups with high total and multiplicative risk</p
King & queen, mummy & daddy: role-play, gender categorisation and cis-heteronormativity in a UK preschool setting
No full textChildren are socialised to understand themselves and others through gender categories. However, there are few observational studies of how this happens in social interaction. Based on video-recorded interactions at a UK preschool nursery setting, this study uses ethnomethodology and conversation analysis to examine the extent and ways cis?heteronormativity is reproduced through gendered descriptions in interactions involving children and adults in preschool role-play activities. The everyday play activities of 26 children (3-4 years old) were video-recorded over a period of six months, totalling 7 hours of recordings. Four episodes of role-play were identified in which children used gendered descriptions to organise and allocate roles to themselves, and other children. One adult used gendered descriptions to validate or correct the children’s role allocations. The children’s and the adult’s actions in many ways reproduced cis-heteronormative assumptions of identities and relationships. These assumptions were integral to the ways in which they made sense of one another’s actions and organised their participation within emerging role-play scenes. The children’s role allocations nevertheless sometimes departed from cis-normative expectations, thus leading to a composite picture. This study contributes to a growing body of research that highlights the ways in which gender normativities can shape interaction.</p
Loudness of in-vehicle auditory warnings: Sustained counteraction of task-related driver fatigue and individual differences in alertness maintenance
No full textIn-vehicle fatigue warnings alert drivers when signs of fatigue are detected. These warnings can temporarily restore alertness, helping drivers respond before a crash occurs. They play a key role in reducing fatigue-related crash risk. However, the optimal loudness and effective duration of such warnings are not yet well understood. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of auditory warnings from two perspectives: first, by employing the Kaplan-Meier method and the Random Survival Forest model to analyze alertness maintenance time across different warning loudness levels and to identify influencing factors. And second, by applying a Bayesian Cox proportional hazards model with random intercepts and slopes to examine individual differences in baseline alertness maintenance risk and sensitivity to 50 dB auditory warnings within the driver population. The results indicate that auditory warnings heighten drivers’ awareness of fatigue and extend the duration over which drivers maintain alertness following a warning. For mild task-related fatigue, one to three warnings produced an incremental benefit compared with no warning, as indicated by longer alertness maintenance. Compared to novice drivers, experienced drivers exhibited a higher baseline risk of reduced vigilance, greater sensitivity to the 50 dB warning, and a lower risk of post-warning fatigue. Overall, this study provides practical guidance for fatigue warning design and accounts for individual differences in alertness maintenance risk. It also introduces a new perspective for evaluating warning effectiveness based on alertness maintenance time.</p
DECODE Infographics - Understanding Mental Illness
No full textDescription:This infographic presents key findings from the DECODE Project’s analysis of long-term health conditions among people with a learning disability. It focuses on mental illness, highlighting that people with a learning disability are disproportionately affected by mental health conditions compared with the general population. The infographic further outlines the most common mental health conditions identified in the study and shows how mental illness often co-occurs with other long-term physical health problems, emphasising the complexity of health needs in this population.Methodology & Data Sources:The findings are drawn from the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) Databank, using anonymised health records of 13,650 adults from 380 GP practices from the year 2000 onwards. Data linkage enabled the identification of individuals with a learning disability and the subsequent tracking of multiple long‐term conditions over time. Analytic techniques included descriptive statistics and multimorbidity profiling to identify prevalence of single and multiple conditions and the most frequent condition combinations.Data governance approvals were obtained via the SAIL system in line with regulatory and ethical requirements for use of anonymised patient‐level data. The research project (NIHR203981) is funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) AI for Multiple Long‐term Conditions (AIM) Programme.Interpretation & Use:This resource is designed for use by researchers, policy makers and practitioners working in learning disability health, to support understanding of the scale and complexity of health needs in the learning‐disabled population. The visual design was co‐developed with PPI (Public & Patient Involvement) partners and a graphic designer to ensure accessibility and inclusive communication. Users should consider how the findings may translate to other populations or settings and where needed, consult the full research outputs for detailed methods and context.Availability & Licensing:The infographic is published under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.</p
Mediating heritage through design and mobility: Nelson Mandela’s legacy in the urban landscape
No full text"How do you know when you have arrived at your destination?" This question arose during a visit to Nelson Mandela Park in Leicester in the United Kingdom where the Named after Nelson project1 originated, where clear wayfinding and integrated design created a strong sense of arrival (see Figure 1). It prompted a broader inquiry into how design and mobility shape heritage, especially how Nelson Mandela-linked places in Gauteng, South Africa which was the initial geographic focus of the Named after Nelson project, can be better integrated into the urban landscape to foster inclusive, accessible heritage environments supporting the Nelson Mandela Foundation’s ‘Just Cities’ agenda that calls for the transformation of urban spaces to make them more inclusive and accessible to the poor and marginalised.2 In South Africa, heritage tourism has been identified since the early post-apartheid period as an important niche for tourism promotion and product diversification, with unexploited potential for local and provincial economic development.3 However, the potential of heritage tourism in South Africa remains under-realised.4 Cultural tourist guides identify various factors that constrain visitation and use, such as poor governance, fragmented planning, inadequate infrastructure, lack of maintenance, insufficient signage, high fees, and long driving distances.5 Without inclusive transport infrastructure and user-centred system design, mobility can reproduce exclusion, through accessibility gaps that limit equitable access to opportunities and undermine places’ social-inclusion potential.6 This research links heritage to spatial justice, emphasising everyday journeys and symbolic landscapes as part of Mandela’s urban legacy. It advocates for an interdisciplinary approach that connects transportation, urban design, and heritage interpretation to address inequality and foster inclusive city-making.</p
Artificial intelligence and art history: looking at images in an algorithmic culture
No full textArtificial intelligence is transforming human creativity and the study of art. Yet it is a technology that is difficult to understand from a position outside computer science. This timely volume, Artificial Intelligence and Art History, investigate tensions and opportunities that are arising in human-machine ‘dialogues’ about visual art. Contributors explore recent developments in machine learning and computer vision and debate whether algorithmic analyses of art open new possibilities for human seeing. Do quantitative methodologies threaten humanistic discourses about cultural artefacts? Alternatively, can working at scale offer fresh perspectives on traditional conceptions of, and approaches to, artistic style, methods, and techniques? The chapters in this volume demonstrate how a range of technologies falling under the umbrella of ‘AI’ challenge the epistemological ambitions of both humanistic and scientific study while also addressing the consequences of understanding ‘vision’ as a metaphor for a computational processing. By investigating how AI and computer vision are working – or might work – in partnership with art historical research methods, this volume also interrogates urgent ethical questions that are impacting on research agendas in this interdisciplinary field.</p
Conclusion: art and intelligence
No full textThis chapter is the conclusion to the book Artificial Intelligence and Art History: Looking at Images in an Algorithmic Culture.</p
Data for the average degree density add_3 and add_4 for all the functions of degree 4 in 7 variables
No full textThe file contains the values that we computed for the average degree density add_3 and add_4 (as defined in the paper for which this a supplement) for all the functions of degree 3 in 7 variables. We used the representatives of all such functions as provided in the dataset of P. Langevin at https://langevin.univ-tln.fr/project/rm742/rm742.htmlArticle abstractIn cryptographic applications, Boolean functions are typically represented in algebraic normal form, i.e. as multivariate polynomial functions over the finite field F2. For such a function f, we consider, for each degree k, the density of monomials of degree k in f, i.e. the number of monomials of degree k that appear in f, normalized by the total number of possible monomials of degree k. We then average this number over all functions which are affine equivalent to f; we call the resulting quantity, denoted by addk (f), the average degree-k monomial density of f. This quantity was defined in previous work, and it was shown that it is closely related to a probabilistic test for deciding whether deg(f) k (f) for functions of any degree d (only the particular case d = k having been dealt with in previous work). The lower bound is reached; while in general the upper bound is not reached, we show that, except for some border cases, is not far from the actual maximum. There are several consequences of these bounds. Firstly, it answers negatively the following question: Does there exist a function f which has no monomials of a particular degree k (with k k is equal to 0.5, the distribution of the values is somewhat surprising; when n ≥ 20, n − k ≥ 9 and d − k ≥ 6, low values of addk (f) exist (reaching approximately 1/2d−k), but there are no values higher than around 0.5005. We also report experimental results for computing exact values of addk (f) for functions in 7 variables and results for running the probabilistic test on functions describing the output of the ciphers Trivium, Grain-128a, and SNOW-V.© the authors</p
Beyond proleptic pregnancy: Abortion and miscarriage in contemporary poetry
No full textThis chapter looks to a selection of contemporary US and UK poems about abortion and miscarriage which break with proleptic understandings of pregnancy and reads them as demands for better reproductive justice. Read collectively, such poems, by Holly Pester, Rachel Galvin, and Maya Marshall, employ dark humour and what I term and will below elaborate as definitional poetic structures to draw attention to how current reproductive choices and outcomes for women are insufficient, unfair, racialised, and lack the compassion and care that the complexities around such pregnancies and their endings require. Generally, abortion and miscarriage are studied separately (see, for example, Browne, Millar). Because of how politicised it has become abortion tends to dominate scholarly interest and media discussions. Even the reproductive justice movement has little to say about miscarriage, which is missing from certain key definitions (see, for instance, Ross et al 14). Far less are poems about miscarriage and abortion discussed together. Thus, typically, Raymond A. Anselment’s journal article confines itself to discussing miscarriage poems, while Barbara Johnson, in spite of briefly noting an indeterminacy which could refer to miscarriage or abortion in Lucille Clifton’s ‘The Lost Baby Poem’ (36), nevertheless concentrates on abortion poems. This book chapter is the first study that frames the choice of poems and discussion of them through the refusal of the imagined future child and the politics of a reproductive justice that makes space for not just abortion but for miscarriage too. [...]</p
Unlocking literary heritage: from cabinets of curiosities to digital story-telling
No full textA visitor who walks into the Science Museum in London or the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester encounters sumptuous spaces in which the wonders of technology are showcased and unlocked, often supported by digital technologies, in a way that is illuminating and educational for the widest possible audience. If that person then travels to see the visitor galleries at The British Library or The John Rylands Library, they mostly encounter an array traditional display cabinets with books, papers and interpretive labels. I do not wish to suggest at all that the BL or the Rylands are poorly curated – quite the contrary – but there is a striking difference in approach that says something about how these institutions view their collections. The ‘meaning’ of the literary artefact, not least when that artefact is a manuscript, is still viewed as ‘inherent’, rather than ‘situated and contextual’ (Macdonald 2006, 2). As a literature scholar, I want to have for our written and literary heritage, what scientists have for physics, chemistry, and engineering.(cont)</p